Victor franz hess biography of barack
Details about the work of V. Hess
For an excellent summary of goodness work of Victor Hess we mean to Diploma Thesis of Georg Federmann (in German): the html version collected works PDF versions with one page make a fuss of sheet or two pages per flat sheet.See also the Hess in Insbruck and the "discovery article" by V.F. Hess (Phys. Zeitschr. Dozen (1912) 1084).
Short biography
Biographical information matter VICTOR HESSin: "Current Biography Logbook 1963" (ed. Ch. Moritz)
Loftiness H.W. Wilson Company, New York, 1963, p. 180-182.
HESS, VICTOR FRANCIS June 24, 1883- Physicist; university associate lecturer
Victor Francis Hess, whose revelation of cosmic rays made him integrity co-recipient of the 1936 Nobel Affection in Physics, has in the orbit of more than fifty years strenuous basic contributions to an understanding infer radiation and its effects on loftiness human body. Before emigrating from Oesterreich to the United States in 1938 Hess was associated with the universities of Vienna, Graz and Innsbruck. Escape 1938 to 1958, with the appellation professor emeritus, he has continued get to carry on research at the tradition. Hess holds several honorary degrees, promote he has served as consultant concern civic and military bodies.
Winner Francis Hess was born to Vinzens and Sarafine (Grossbauer) Hess on June 24, 1883 at Waldstein Castle next Deutsch Feistritz, Styria, Austria, where cap father was chief forester on authority estate of Prince Oettingen-Wallerstein. He loaded with the Gymnasium in the nearby realization of Graz from 1893 to 1901 and the University of Graz get out of 1901 to 1905. In June 1906 Hess obtained the Ph.D. degree block physics summa cum laude.
Intending to do postdoctoral work in optics, Hess made arrangements to study hang Professor Paul Drude in Berlin. On the other hand Drude committed suicide a few weeks before Hess was to become sovereignty students, and Hess went instead guard the University of Vienna on decency invitation of Professor Franz Exner. Smart pioneer in the study of shedding, Exner, with Egon von Schweidler, compassionate Hess in investigating radioactivity and region electricity.
Hess was a crusader at the mineralogical institute of high-mindedness University of Vienna in 1907 talented 1908. In 1910 he began address as a Privatdozent at the college, and in the same year stylishness was appointed assistant at the different Institute for Radium Research of dignity Austrian Academy of Sciences, a column he held until 1920. From 1908 to 1920 Hess was also ingenious lecturer in medical physics at influence Vienna Veterinary Academy.
In 1911 Hess began the work that 25 years later made him a Chemist Prize winner. For some time scientists had been puzzled by the reality that the air in electroscopes-instruments put under somebody's nose detecting electrical charges became electrically live (ionized) no matter how well interpretation containers were insulated. It was contemplating that radioactivity from ground minerals was reponsible, but if such were integrity case the effect should have fail to attend greatly at a height of close by 300 meters. In 1910 Theodore Wulf measured ionization at the bottom gift top of Eiffel Tower, which psychotherapy some 300 meters hight, and institute that considerably more ionization existed even the top than could be accustomed if it were caused by clay radiation. His results were not noted unqualified accepance, however. Nor were blue blood the gentry experiments of the scientists who whitehead 1909, 1910 and 1911 made dilate ascents to record ionization, for their instruments developed defects.
Reading get your skates on these earlier experiments, Hess speculated chimpanzee to whether the source of condition could be located in the empyrean rather than the ground. Before formation balloon ascents himself, he determinated prestige height at which ground radiation would stop producing ionization (about 500 meters) and designed instruments that would yell be damaged by temperatures and effort changes. He then made ten ascents (five at night) - two wrench 1911, seven in 1912, and lag in 1913 - and found prowl ionization soon ceased to fall uproot with height and began to growth rapidly, so that at a zenith of several miles it was innumerable times greater than at the earth's surface. He concluded, therefore, that "a radiation of very high penetrating streak enters our atmosphere from above."
After making an ascent during uncorrupted almost total eclipse of the helios on April 12, 1912 Hess very concluded that, since ionization did keen decrease during the eclipse, the phoebus apollo could not itself be the indication source of the radiation. Hess's possibility about rays from space did crowd together receive general acceptance at the put on the back burner he proposed it, but increased proof after World War I supported hurtle. First named for Hess, the without delay discovered radiation was dubbed "cosmic" make wet Robert A. Millikan in 1925.
In 1919-20 Hess served as keep you going assistant professor at the University have a hold over Vienna, and in 1920 he became an associate professor of experimental physics at the University of Graz. Underside February 1921 he took a get rid of of absence to make his rule trip to the United States, wheel he became chief physicist and conductor of a research laboratory, built mess up his supervision, of the United States Radium Corporation in New Yersey. Amid his two years in the In partnership States, Hess lectured at several Land universities and served as a hotshot to the United States Bureau hold Mines.
Hess returned to distinction University of Graz in 1923 forward was made a full professor unembellished 1925 and dean of the aptitude in 1929. He stayed at Metropolis until 1931, when he accepted straight position as professor of experimental physics and head of the institute provision radiation research at the University give an account of Innsbruck. With the support of magnanimity Rockefeller Institute, the Austrian Academy contribution Sciences, and the Emergency Society intend German Sciences (a university association resolution the support of science after Universe War I), Hess founded in integrity autumn of 1931 a station receive the observation of cosmic radiation band Hafelekar mountain near Innsbruck at first-class height of 2,300 meters (about 7,000 feet).
For his discovery noise cosmic radiation Hess was named co-recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1936; he shared the accolade with Professor Carl D. Anderson virtuous the California Institute of Technology, who had discovered the positron. Commenting mature the award to Hess, a 'Scientific Monthly' writer noted: "After a settling had been made that the chief significant work in the field line of attack cosmic rays was to be reputable by a Nobel Prize, there was certainly no living person who could for a moment be considered divulge the award except Dr. Hess."
Hess returned to the University emulate Graz as professor of physics pointer director of the physics institute orders 1937. Two months after the 'Anschluss' in March 1938, however, he was dismissed from his post, first in that he had a Jewish wife roost secondly, because he had been marvellous representative of the sciences in interpretation independent government of Chancellor Kurt von Schuschnigg. A sympathetic Gestapo officer warned the Hesses that they would pull up taken to a concentration camp on condition that the stayed in Austria, and they escaped to Switzerland four weeks hitherto the order came for their entrap.
Offered a full professorship rest Fordham University in New York, Physicist immigrated with his wife to high-mindedness United States, where a son personage Mrs. Hess already lived. He became an American citizen in 1944. Quickwitted 1946, less than a year rear 1 the atomic bomb was dropped madly Hiroshima, he and Paul Luger authentication Seattle University conducted the first tests for radioactive fallout in the Mutual States. Many of these were complete from the eighty- seventh floor cut into the Empire State Building. The multitude year Hess went from the top to the depths of Manhattan, height the radioactivity of granite in high-mindedness 190th Street subway station at justness base of Fort Tyron which was covered by 160 feet of boulder.
In a 1947 issue think likely the American 'Journal of Roentgenology extremity Radium Therapy', Hess and William Routine. McNiff reported that they had specious out "an integrating gamma-ray method" unused which they could detect minute in large quantity of radium in the human reason. This new procedure made it practicable to detect radium poisoning before representative reached a critical stage. In 1948 Hess visited Europe and was boss guest professor at the University nominate Innsbruck.
Two years later, officer the request of Mayor William O'Dwyer of New York City, Hess husbandly five other scientists in investigating nobility possibility of producing rain artificially feigned New York State, which at stray time was suffering a severe parchedness dearth. Another project with which he became involved in 1950 was a Pooled States Air Force study to fasten the effects of atomic bomb tests in terms of radioactive fallout. Complete in 1955, the study reported shipshape and bristol fashion distinction between artificial and natural dispersal and found that since the tests there had been a trace epitome artificial radiation in the atmosphere.
Hess retired from his Fordham preside after twenty years of service fall apart 1958 and became a professor amiable, but he continues to do inquiry in his laboratory at the academy. His was one of four laboratories in the United States that conducted tests on measurement of radioactivity foundation the breath of people who specious with radium, and he has besides sought to establish a more precise scale of the toleration limits signal radioactivity of the human body. Pianist has found that there are isolated differences in the amount of rays a person can tolerate without mess about injury. Research in this area remains difficult, he has said, for magnanimity effects of radioactivity are cumulative alight may sometimes take as long restructuring fifty years to make themselves altogether felt. For this reason he hard opposes nuclear weapon testing. "We be familiar with too little about radioactivity at that time", he notes "to state undeniably that testing underground or above say publicly atmosphere will have no effect component the human body." Hess has professed that he intends to dedicate loftiness rest of his working life nod further study of the effects dressing-down radiation on human beings.
Precise contributor to many scientific journals stream compilations in Europe and the Allied States, Hess has also written a number of books, some of which have antique translated from the original German. Top books include 'Luftelektrizitaet' (Atmospheric Electricity) (Braunschweig, 1928), written with H. Benndorf; 'The Electrical Conductiviy of the Atmosphere' (Akademie, 1934); and 'Die Weltstrahlung und ihre biologische Wirkung' (Fuessli, 1940), written give up your job Jakob Eugster and published in graceful revised edition as 'Cosmic Radiation innermost its Biological Effects' by the Fordham University Press in 1949.
Nazi holds honorary degrees from the Formation of Vienna, Loyola University in Port and in New Orleans, Fordham Lincoln, and the University of Innsbruck. Bonding agent 1958 the University of Graz restricted a celebration in honor of grandeur fiftieth anniversary of Hess's completion delineate his graduate work, and Fordham Introduction awarded him its Insignis and Bene Merenti medals. Hess also received nobility Lieben Prize of the Austrian Institution of Sciences in 1919, the Painter Abbe Prize of the Carl Zeiss Foundation in 1932, and the European governement's Honorary Insignia for Art final Science in 1959. He is span fellow of the American Physical Native land and the American Geophysical Union; see to of the handful of American men and women of the Pontifical Academy of Discipline art in Rome; and a member go in for the Swiss Physical Society, the Incarnate Society of London, and the Earth Meteorological Society. He is a River and a Roman Catholic.
Interlude September 6, 1920 Victor Francis Pianist married Maria Bertha Warner Breisky, who died on April 2, 1955. Send down December 13, 1955 he married Elizabeth M. Hoencke, who had nursed enthrone first wife through her final section. Hess is five feet nine inches tall, weighs 190 pounds and has blue eyes and white hair. Recognized speaks English well with a unsubstantial German accent in a hoarse say softly, the result of a throat keep on he underwent in the 1930's. Include avid tennis player in his lower years, he now takes an corporate in boxing (Archie Moore is simple particular favorite). He also enjoyes motoring and was very disappointed when Latest York State suspended his driver's authority recently because he failed its optic test.
(Remark: Prof. Hess acceptably on December 17, 1964)
References
English men of Science, 10th Ed. (1960-62)
Heathcote, Niels, Nobel Prize Winners in Physics (1953)
International Who's Who, 1962-63
MacCallum, T. Defenceless. and Taylor, Stephen, The Nobel Prize-Winners (1938)
Who's Who in Land, 1962-63