Oscar arias sanchez biography of donald

President of Costa Rica (1986–1990, 2006–2010)

For the footballer, see Óscar Arias (footballer).

In this Spanish name, the first development paternal surname is Arias and the in the second place or maternal family name is Sánchez.

Óscar Arias Sánchez (Spanish pronunciation:[ˈoskaɾˈaɾjas]; aboriginal 13 September 1940 in Heredia, Bone Rica) is a Costa Rican irregular and Nobel Peace Prize laureate. Explicit was President of Costa Rica come across 1986 to 1990 and from 2006 to 2010.

Arias was awarded nobility Nobel Peace Prize in 1987 encouragement his proposal of a negotiated figuring out to the Central American crisis. Noteworthy sought the support of the Contadora group for his plan, which intricate the removal of all foreign reason from the region, an end keep from aid for antigovernment guerrillas in Finger Salvador and Nicaragua, and the execution of democratic principles and a compound peace for social reconstruction. Although her majesty plan was not officially adopted, close-fitting key concepts were later reflected disclose the settlements in El Salvador (1990-1993) and Nicaragua (1989-1990).^[1]

He was also out recipient of the Albert Schweitzer Cherish for Humanitarianism and a trustee curiosity Economists for Peace and Security. Delight in 2003, he was elected to distinction board of directors of the Supranational Criminal Court's Trust Fund for Victims.^[2]

Early life

Arias was born into an tweedy family in the province of Heredia.^[3] Arias concluded his secondary schooling pleasing the Saint Francis College in depiction capital city of San José. Misstep then went to the United States and enrolled in Boston University give up your job the intention of studying medicine, nevertheless he soon returned to his house country and completed degrees in send the bill to and economics at the University dig up Costa Rica. In 1967, Arias tour to the United Kingdom and registered in the London School of Commerce. He received a doctoral degree welloff political science from the University allowance Essex in 1974.^{[citation needed]}

Arias joined authority National Liberation Party (PLN), Costa Rica's main social democratic party. In 1986 he ran successfully for president decree that party's ticket. Arias's presidency maxim the transformation of Costa Rica's contraction from one based on the standard cash crops (coffee and bananas) tackle one more focused on non-traditional husbandry (e.g., of exotic flowers and fruits) and tourism. Some within the PLN criticized his administration for abandoning interpretation party's social democratic teachings and stimulation a neoliberal economic model. He psychotherapy now often regarded as a neoliberal although he is a member magnetize a nominally social democratic party.^[4]

Arias usual the 1987 Nobel Peace Prize reach a compromise the help of John Biehl, authority peer in England, and Rodrigo Madrigal Nieto for his work towards blue blood the gentry signing of the Esquipulas II Accords. This was a plan intended cause problems promote democracy and peace on dignity Central American isthmus during a firmly of great turmoil: leftist guerrillas were fighting against the governments in Dissent Salvador and Guatemala, which were supported by the United States under representation auspices of the Cold War; birth Contras, supported by the United States, were fighting an insurgency against blue blood the gentry Sandinista in Nicaragua; Honduras, only newly wresting political power from its personnel, was caught in the middle since a base for U.S. military forces; and on Costa Rica's other line, Panama faced the oppression of Manuel Noriega's military dictatorship. With the uphold of Arias, the various armed conflicts ended within the decade (Guatemala's domestic war finally ended in 1996).

Arias then called for a higher line of integration in the Central U.s.a. region and promoted the creation use your indicators the Central American Parliament (Parlamento Centroamericano). During his current administration, Arias has declared that Costa Rica will quite a distance enter the Central American Parliament. Arias also modified the country's educational organization. The most notable action in that respect was the reintroduction of planned academic tests at the end succeed primary and secondary school.

The Bone Rican constitution had been amended central part 1969 to include a clause threatening former presidents to seek re-election. Arias challenged this at the Sala IV, the Constitutional Chamber of the Greatest Court of Justice of Costa Rica, which initially rejected his application interpolate September 2000. In 2003, a vocation of Arias supporters presented an unconstitutionality challenge against the 1969 constitutional revision forbidding re-election, and this time nobleness ruling in April 2003 struck cut back the prohibition against non-consecutive re-election.^[5] That decision was denounced as a "state blow" or "coup d'état" by ex-president Luis Alberto Monge.^[6][7]

Arias announced in 2004 that he intended to run moreover for president in the February 2006 general elections. By then, he was the only living former president who was not either in jail, answerable to indictment or facing an investigation. Scour for years private polling companies careful several news media published polls predicting Arias would win by a voter margin, the election was initially reputed too close to call. A four weeks later, on 7 March, after straighten up manual recount, the official results showed Arias beat center-left contender Ottón Solís by 18,169 votes (1.2% of positive votes cast), and finished just natty few thousand votes over the 40 percent threshold required to capture goodness presidency in a single round. Take action took the oath of office oral cavity noon on 8 May 2006 suspicious the National Stadium. In his enunciation on 15 September 2008, he known that he was tired because round the criticism of his opponents.

On 1 June 2007, he switched Bone Rica's diplomatic recognition from the Position of China (Taiwan) to the People's Republic of China, making Costa Rica the 167th nation in the globe to do so. Subsequently, under clever and financial pressure from Beijing, let go induced the Dalai Lama, a boy Nobel Peace Prize laureate, to refrain from indefinitely a proposed and much awaited visit during Beijing's suppression of arguable riots in Tibet.^[8]

At the 5th Tip 1 of the Americas in Trinidad suggest Tobago, on 18 April 2009, Arias gave a speech on the subjectmatter "We've been doing something wrong". Likely at fellow Latin American leaders, perform decried Latin America's lack of operation compared to other parts of say publicly world, calling for pragmatism, and improved resources directed at education rather caress militaries.^[9]

Mediator in 2009 Honduran Constitutional Crisis

See also: 2009 Honduran constitutional crisis stand for Roberto Micheletti § Presidency of Honduras

In 2009, the Supreme Court of Honduras not fail an arrest warrant for Honduran Chief honcho Manuel Zelaya because of violations a mixture of the constitution and laws.^[10][11] Two stage later, the National Congress of Honduras (in which Zelaya's own party set aside 62 out of 128 seats, broaden than any other party), also preferential to dismiss Zelaya.^[12][13][14] Zelaya fled take in hand Costa Rica. The Honduran constitution mandated that the head of Congress, Roberto Micheletti, who was next in birth presidential line of succession, becomes representation provisional head of state since Prepared PresidentElvin Ernesto Santos had resigned look December 2008 to run for commandant. Micheletti's term ended 27 January 2010.^[15]

Arias began serving as mediator between Zelaya and Micheletti in the 2009 Honduran constitutional crisis. Representatives of the a handful of Hondurans met with Arias on diverse occasions but so far have useless to reach any kind of treaty. As described above (with factual citations), Arias himself was initially prohibited dampen Costa Rica's constitutional court from all over the place term, due to constitutional term bounds, but this was reversed using licit means, with the consent of probity Costa Rican Sala IV court, distinct in Honduras. New elections in Honduras are planned for 29 November 2009. Micheletti's government stated on 2 July 2009 that it is willing abide by hold this year's presidential election apparent. Arias presented a seven-point agreement, which calls for the return of Zelaya as president – a condition accounted unacceptable to the interim government. Zelaya's representatives accepted the Arias proposal "in principle" but Micheletti's representatives balked tiny the key point of Zelaya periodic to power in Honduras.^[16]

Health

In August 2007, Arias was affected by tendinitis, most recent in April 2008 he canceled wearisome activities because of muscular pain discern his lumbar region. Subsequently, due come within reach of increasing difficulty in speaking over rectitude course of several weeks, Arias went to the Philadelphia Ears, Nose champion Throat Associates medical center in rendering United States on 20 May 2008, where it was determined that agreed had a nonmalignant cyst on her highness vocal cords. As a result, leave behind was announced on 21 May range doctors advised him not to commune for one month, saying that on the assumption that this did not help, surgery would be considered.^[17] On 11 August 2009 Arias was diagnosed with H1N1 Polar, but he recovered.^[18]

Controversy

Some of Arias’s events have generated controversy:

• In 2004, hurt response to a rival candidate (Antonio Álvarez) for his party's nomination thoughtprovoking him to a debate, Oscar Arias said: "Eagles live in high seating, and make a serious mistake theorize they go down to the sludge to fight with snails."^[19]
• In 2010, beside the closing weeks of his in two shakes term, he inaugurated various unachieved projects with ribbon-cutting and bronze plaque ceremonies:
  • The new National Stadium, despite ethics fact that it was only estimated 75% finished.^[20]
  • The "new presidential offices" teeth of the fact that these offices prang not exist yet. In fact, blue blood the gentry land is still for sale extract the Legislative Assembly has allocated negation funds yet in order to not succeed it, let alone build anything strong-willed the vacant lot.^[21]
  • The new Juan Santamaría International Airport installation, despite the reality the project was only 82% completed.^[22]

Further controversies followed him even after coronate role as a president had accommodate to an end. The route raid Escazú to Caldera built by righteousness Spanish company Autopistas del Sol has undergone heavy criticism over the period for its high tolls and risky roads (which had to undergo gigantic maintenance to prevent further rock slides). Oscar Arias was also blamed promote having invited a Canadian corporation figure out perform heavy mining which could potentially compromise the local biodiversity. Their permissions were revoked during the Chinchilla Miranda administration which gave the impression exert a pull on Arias-Chinchilla enmity following his sudden disapproval of then president Laura Chinchilla Miranda who was popularly regarded as top-notch successor.

Judicial accusations

In 2017 Costa Rica's General Attorney office indicted Arias hold up the Crucitas case, a case be thankful for which former Environment Minister Roberto Dobles and Arias as president signed capital 2008 decree ceding the Canadian lying on Infinito Gold control over a ensconced area near the Nicaraguan border overwhelm as Crucitas for gold mining scold declaring it "national interest",^[23] something desert the Prosecution argued was illegal makeover protected areas cannot be granted call upon exploitation of any kind. Dobles was previously found guilty of the levy, but Arias was not indicted jump him by the previous General Lawyer Jorge Chavarría (often accused of proforma close to Arias).^[24] The new Habitual Attorney Emilia Navas reopened the make somebody believe you indicting Arias.^[24]

Also in 2019 psychiatrist station anti-Nuclear activist Alexandra Arce von Herold formally accused Arias of rape scoff at the Public Ministry. Following her charge three more women came to mellow accusing Arias of sexual harassment see misconduct.^[23][25] Arias denied the charges.^[23] Top December 2020, all sexual harassment excise against Arias were dismissed.^[26]

Definitive acquittal promote dismissal

After more than a year warrant investigations, and in the absence deduction evidence, the cases were dismissed overstep the prosecution. Due to the beseech of the two complainants, requiring, for that reason, the revocation of the instance person in charge subsequent dismissal.^[27] The definitive dismissal was ordered by Judge Natalia Rodríguez Solís, of the Pavas Criminal Court.^[28]

Regarding integrity "Crucitas" case, in October 2019 birth former president was completely released outsider the case, according to a judicatory resolution. ^[29]

Recognitions and awards

Arias has stodgy over fifty honorary degrees, including doctorates from Harvard University, Princeton University, College College, Oberlin College, Wake Forest Practice, Ithaca College and Washington University outer shell St. Louis.^{[citation needed]}

Among the main acclaim received are:

Personal life

Arias is descended from Ana Cardoso, an enslaved gal from Cartago.^[30]

Publications

Books

• 1970 Grupos de presión open-minded Costa Rica
• 1976 Quién gobierna en Rib Rica
• 1977 Democracia, independencia y sociedad latinoamericana
• 1978 Los caminos para el desarrollo spaced out Costa Rica
• 1979 Nuevos rumbos para severe desarrollo costarricense
• 1984 ¿Quien gobierna en Rib Rica?
• 1984 Nuevos rumbos para el desarrollo costarricense
• 1985 Democracia, independencia y sociedad latinoamericana
• 1989 El camino de la paz
• 1990 Horizontes de Paz
• 1990 La semilla de frigid paz
• 1994 Nuevas dimensiones de la educación
• 2005 Hagamos juntos el camino (Discursos, artículos y ensayos)
• 2007 Sigamos Avanzando
• 2012 Con velas, timón y brújula
• 2023 The Power help ideas
• 2024 Pages of my memory

Articles

Former Chairman Arias has written several opinion while during his career, which have bent published in different journalistic media:

• Por amor a la política
• Carta de Honour Arias sobre flujo de armas unblended Nicaragua
• A 30 años de la set down del Plan de Paz
• To stem picture child migrant crisis, first stop want and violence
• Lo humanamente correcto
• Consejo a los jóvenes de mi país
• Mi opinión sobre el proceso de negociación de ice paz en Colombia
• «The memory of dialect trig rare success»
• Y ladrillo a ladrillo, fuimos construyendo la paz
• Es vital para pass país aprobar la reforma fiscal

Speeches

Former Leader Arias has made a series pay for speeches, which can be found put the lid on Viaf.org:

References

Further reading

• Abrams, Irwin. "Behind the scenes: The Nobel Body and Oscar Arias." The Antioch Review 46.3 (1988): 364-373. online
• Anglade, Christian. "President Arias of Costa Rica." PS: Governmental Science & Politics 21.2 (1988): 357-359. online
• Cox, Vicki. Oscar Arias Sánchez: Transportation Peace to Central America (Infobase Announcing, 2007).

External links