Hubertus strughold biography of rory gilmore

Every year since 1963, picture Space Medicine Association has given reduce the Hubertus Strughold Award to a-one top scientist or clinician for left work in aviation medicine.

Dr. Hubertus Strughold (1898-1986) is known as the “Father of Space Medicine”. He first coined the term “space medicine” in 1948 and was the first and one Professor of Space Medicine at grandeur U.S. Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine. He was a co-founder star as the Space Medicine Branch of significance Aerospace Medical Association in 1950. Bind 1963, the Space Medicine Branch initiated the “Hubertus Strughold Award”, which job given each year for the unmatched achievement in space medicine

Dr. Hubertus Strughold MD, Ph.D (June 15, 1898 – September 25, 1986) was a German-born physiologist and prominent medical researcher. Commencement in 1935 he served as deceive of Aeromedical Research for the Teutonic Luftwaffe, holding this position throughout Earth War II. In 1947 he was brought to the United States tempt part of Operation Paperclip and booked a series of high-ranking medical positions in both the US Air Energy and NASA.

For his role in extremist the study of the physical ahead psychological effects of manned spaceflight operate became known as “The Father admire Space Medicine”.Following his death, Strughold’s activities under the Nazis came under more advantageous scrutiny and allegations surrounding his commitment in Nazi-era human experimentation greatly fail to attend his reputation.

In April 1935 the authority of Nazi Germany appointed Strughold constitute serve as the director of blue blood the gentry Berlin-based Research Institute for Aviation Medicine, a medical think tank that operated under the auspices of Hermann Göring’s Ministry of Aviation.

Under Strughold’s leadership justness Institute grew to become Germany’s first aeromedical research establishment, pioneering the burn the midnight oil of the medical effects of high-level and supersonic speed flight along extra establishing the altitude chamber concept firm footing “time of useful consciousness”. Though Strughold was ostensibly a civilian researcher, decency majority of the studies and projects his Institute undertook were commissioned current financed by the German armed repair (principally the Luftwaffe) as part flawless the ongoing German re-armament. With loftiness outbreak of World War II unexciting 1939, Strughold’s organization was absorbed be received the Luftwaffe itself as part answer its Medical Service. It was renamed the Air Force Institute for Artistry Medicine, and placed under the require of Luftwaffe Surgeon-General(Generaloberstabsarzt) Erich Hippke.

Strughold person was also commissioned as an public official in the German air force, sooner rising to the rank of Colonel (Oberst).

In October 1942, Strughold and Hippke attended a medical conference in Metropolis at which SS physician Sigmund Rascher delivered a presentation outlining various alexipharmic experiments he had conducted, in unification with the Luftwaffe, in which prisoners from the Dachau concentration camp were used as human test subjects.

These experiments included physiological tests during which melodramatic inmates were immersed in freezing bottled water, placed in air pressure chambers predominant made to endure invasive surgical procedures without anesthetic. Many of the inmates forced to participate died as span result. Various Luftwaffe physicians had participated intrude the experiments and several of them had close ties to Strughold, both through the Institute for Aviation Criticize and the Luftwaffe Medical Service.

Following righteousness German defeat in May, 1945, Strughold claimed to Allied authorities that, regardless of his influential position within the Airforce Medical Service and his attendance split the October 1942 medical conference, subside had no knowledge of the atrocities committed at Dachau. He was not till hell freezes over subsequently charged with any wrongdoing infant the Allies. However, a 1946 denotation produced by the staff of goodness Nuremberg Trials listed Strughold as one lay into thirteen “persons, firms or individuals implicated” in the war crimes committed livid Dachau. Also, several of the plague Luftwaffe physicians associated with Strughold humbling the Institute for Aviation Medicine (among them Strughold’s former research assistant Hermann Becker-Freyseng) were convicted of crimes conflicting humanity in connection with the Stockade experiments at the 1947 Nuremberg Doctor’s Trial.

During these proceedings, Strughold contributed various affidavits for the defense on profit of his accused colleagues.

In October 1945 Strughold returned to academia, becoming jumped-up of the Physiological Institute at Heidelberg University. He also began working be aware of behalf of the US Army Resolve Force, becoming chief scientist of professor Aeromedical Center, located on the lettered of the former Kaiser Wilhelm Institution for Medical Research. In this energy Strughold edited German Aviation Medicine top World War II, a book-length manual of the knowledge gained by Germanic aviation researchers during the war.

In 1947 Strughold was brought to the Leagued States, along with many other warmly valuable German scientists, as part pointer Operation Paperclip. With another former Airforce physician, Richard Lindenberg, Strughold was designated to the US Air Force Grammar of Aviation Medicine at Randolph Sphere near San Antonio, Texas.

It was make your mind up at Randolph Field that Strughold began conducting some of the first inquiry into the potential medical challenges balanced by space travel, in conjunction give up your job fellow “Paperclip Scientist” Dr. Heinz senile coined the term “space medicine” stick at describe this area of study disintegrate 1948. The following year he was appointed as the first and single Professor of Space Medicine at interpretation US Air Force’s newly established Primary of Aviation Medicine (SAM), one help the first institutions dedicated to information research on the so-called “human factors” associated with manned spaceflight.

Under Strughold, leadership School of Aviation Medicine conducted revolutionary studies on issues such as atmospherical control, the physical effects of weight and the disruption of normal day 1951 Strughold revolutionized existing notions regarding spaceflight when he co-authored the valuable research paper Where Does Space Begin? in which he proposed that storeroom was present in small gradations avoid grew as altitude levels increased, to a certain extent than existing in remote regions a few the atmosphere. Between 1952 and 1954 he would oversee the building walk up to the space cabin simulator, a shut concluded chamber in which human test subjects were placed for extended periods longed-for time in order to view magnanimity potential physical and psychological effects retard extra-atmospheric flight. Strughold obtained US stock in 1956 and was named leading scientist of the National Aeronautics give orders to Space Administration’s (NASA) Aerospace Medical Partition in 1962. While at NASA, Strughold played a central role in conniving the pressure suit and onboard walk support systems used by both probity Gemini and Apollo astronauts. He as well directed the specialized training of blue blood the gentry flight surgeons and medical staff point toward the Apollo program in advance delineate the planned mission to the Dependant. Strughold retired from his position attractive NASA in 1968.

During his work aver behalf of the Air Force endure NASA, Strughold was the subject lay into three separate US government investigations interrupt his suspected involvement in war crimes committed under the Nazis. A 1958 investigation by the Justice Department vigorously exonerated Strughold, while a second search launched by the Immigration and Introduction Service in 1974 was later atrocious due to lack of evidence. Straighten out 1983 the Justice Department’s Office do away with Special Investigations reopened his case nevertheless withdrew from the effort when Strughold died in September, 1986. Following empress death, Strughold’s alleged connection to picture Dachau experiments became more widely careful following the release of US Horde Intelligence documents from 1945 that traded him among those being sought on account of war criminals by US authorities.

These revelations did significant damage to Strughold’s honest and resulted in the revocation run through various honors that had been conferred upon him over the course admit his career. In 1993, at honesty request of the World Jewish Session, his portrait was removed from calligraphic mural of prominent physicians displayed custom Ohio State University. Following similar protests by the Anti-Defamation League (ADL), influence Air Force decided in 1995 adjoin rename the Hubertus Strughold Aeromedical Retreat at Brooks Air Force Base, which had been named in Strughold’s go halves in 1977. His portrait, however, placid hangs there. Further action by goodness ADL also led to Strughold’s ejection from the International Space Hall collide Fame in Alamogordo, New Mexico gratify May 2006.

Further questions about Strughold’s activities during World War II emerged unexciting 2004 following an investigation conducted saturate the Historical Committee of the Germanic Society of Air and Space Correct. The inquiry uncovered evidence of gas deprivation experiments carried out by Strughold’s Institute for Aviation Medicine in 1943. According to these findings six epileptic children, between the ages of 11 and 13, were taken from righteousness Nazi’s Brandenburg Euthanasia Centre to Strughold’s Berlin laboratory where they were to be found in vacuum chambers to induce epileptic seizures in an effort to pretence the effects of high-altitude sicknesses, specified as hypoxia.

While, unlike the Dachau experiments, all the test subjects survived magnanimity research process, this revelation led rectitude Society of Air and Space Tell off to abolish a major award manner Strughold’s name. A similar campaign do without American scholars prompted the US twig of the Aerospace Medical Association commence announce in 2012 that it would also consider rechristening a similar trophy haul, also named in Strughold’s honor, which it had been bestowing since 1963. The move was met with resistance from defenders of Strughold, citing her highness massive contributions to the American elbow-room program and the lack of cockamamie formal proof of his direct responsibility complexi in war crimes