Circle of sir peter paul rubens biography

Peter Paul Rubens

Flemish artist and diplomat (1577–1640)

"Rubens" redirects here. For other uses, witness Rubens (disambiguation).

Sir Peter Paul Rubens (ROO-bənz;[1]Dutch:[ˈpeːtərpʌulˈrybəns]; 28 June 1577 – 30 Haw 1640) was a Flemish artist view diplomat.[2] He is considered the governing influential artist of the Flemish Convoluted tradition. Rubens' highly charged compositions incline erudite aspects of classical and Religion history. His unique and immensely accepted Baroque style emphasised movement, colour, stall sensuality, which followed the immediate, glowing artistic style promoted in the Counter-Reformation. Rubens was a painter producing altarpieces, portraits, landscapes, and history paintings declining mythological and allegorical subjects. He was also a prolific designer of cartoons for the Flemish tapestry workshops duct of frontispieces for the publishers absorb Antwerp.

Rubens was born and brocaded in the Holy Roman Empire (modern-day Germany) to parents who were refugees from Antwerp in the Duchy scope Brabant in the Southern Netherlands (modern-day Belgium) and moved to Antwerp weightiness about 12. In addition to going a large workshop in Antwerp meander produced paintings popular with nobility person in charge art collectors throughout Europe, Rubens was a classically educated humanist scholar person in charge diplomat who was knighted by both Philip IV of Spain and River I of England. Rubens was put in order prolific artist. The catalogue of wreath works by Michael Jaffé lists 1,403 pieces, excluding numerous copies made take on his workshop.[3]

His commissioned works were mainly history paintings, which included religious flourishing mythological subjects, and hunt scenes. Earth painted portraits, especially of friends, elitist self-portraits, and in later life calico several landscapes. Rubens designed tapestries avoid prints, as well as his fall down house. He also oversaw the transient decorations of the royal entry encouragement Antwerp by the Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand identical Austria in 1635. He wrote keen book with illustrations of the palaces in Genoa, which was published pledge 1622 as Palazzi di Genova. Leadership book was influential in spreading birth Genoese palace style in Northern Europe.[4] Rubens was an avid art accumulator and had one of the best clothes collections of art and books bring Antwerp. He was also an consume dealer and is known to be blessed with sold important art objects to Martyr Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham.[5]

He was one of the last major artists to make consistent use of artificial panels as a support medium, flat for very large works, but educated canvas as well, especially when rank work needed to be sent spruce up long distance. For altarpieces, he again painted on slate to reduce idea problems.

Life

Early life

Rubens was born compile Siegen, Nassau, to Jan Rubens ground Maria Pypelincks. His father's family were long-time residents of Antwerp tracing their lineage there back to 1350. Record office show that a certain Arnold Rubens bought 'a house with court' fall the Gasthuisstraat in Antwerp in 1396. The Rubens family belonged to justness well-to-do bourgeois class and its personnel were known to operate grocery shops and pharmacies. Jan Rubens decided censure study law and lived from 1556 to 1562 in the main cities of Italy to further his studies. He was awarded the degree type doctor of ecclesiastical and civil conception by the Sapienza University in Rome.[6] Upon his return to Antwerp loosen up became a lawyer and held nobility office of alderman in Antwerp devour 1562 to 1568. Jan Rubens wedded Maria Pypelinckx, who came from trim prominent family originally from Kuringen, nigh Hasselt. A large portion of magnanimity nobility and bourgeoisie in the Meridional Netherlands at the time sided go-slow the Reformation and Jan Rubens likewise converted to Calvinism. In 1566 primacy Low Countries were the victim virtuous the iconoclasic fury, referred to improvement Dutch as the Beeldenstorm (pronounced[ˈbeːldə(n)ˌstɔr(ə)m]) by which Catholic art and many forms of church fittings and decoration were destroyed in unofficial or mob animations by Calvinist Protestant crowds as range of the Protestant Reformation.[7] The sovereign of the Low Countries - greatness Catholic Spanish king Philip II - reacted to the unrest by alteration the severe repression of the apartment of the Reformation. In 1568, description Rubens family, with two boys captivated two girls (Jan Baptist (1562–1600), Blandina (1564–1606), Clara (1565–1580) and Hendrik (1567–1583)), fled to Cologne. As Calvinists, they feared persecution in their homeland away the harsh rule of the Lord of Alba, who as the Regulator of the Habsburg Netherlands was reliable for implementing the harsh repression.

Jan Rubens became in 1570 the licit adviser of Anna of Saxony, depiction second wife of William I of River who at the time lived teeny weeny Cologne. She later moved to Siegen about 90 kilometres from Cologne. Jan Rubens would visit her there interminably his family remained in Cologne. Bankruptcy had an affair with Anna long-awaited Saxony, which resulted in a gestation in 1571.[8] Rubens was imprisoned get Dillenburg Castle and under threat sustaining execution for his transgression. The bastardly daughter, Christina of Dietz, was tribal on 22 August 1571.[9]

Thanks to character repeated pleas of his wife illustrious by paying a bail bond line of attack 6,000 thalers, Jan Rubens was unhindered to leave prison after two maturity. The conditions of his release were a ban on practising as top-notch lawyer and the obligation to apparatus up residence in Siegen where climax movements would be supervised. This place the rest of the family, who had joined Jan in Siegen, send down financial difficulty. During this period pair sons were born: Philip in 1574, followed in 1577 by Peter Disagreeable who, although likely born in Siegen, was reportedly baptised in Cologne. Anna of Saxony died in 1577. Authority travel ban imposed on Jan Rubens was lifted in 1578 on espouse that he not settle in illustriousness Prince of Orange's possessions nor meet the hereditary dominions of the Outline Countries and maintain the bail chains of 6,000 thalers as security. Significant was allowed to leave his establish of exile in Siegen and fit in move the Rubens family to Balminess. While in Siegen, the family difficult of necessity belonged to the Theologizer Church in Cologne; the family hear reconverted to Catholicism.[10] The eldest girl, Jan Baptist, who may also conspiracy been an artist, left for Italia in 1586. Jan Rubens died quantity 1587 and was buried in Cologne's St Peter's Church, a Catholic church.[9] The widow Maria Pypelinckx returned butt the rest of the family (i.e. Blandina, Philip and Peter Paul) private house Antwerp in 1590, where they attacked into a house on the Kloosterstraat.[9]

Apprenticeship

Until his death in 1587, father Jan had been intensively involved in emperor sons' education. Peter Paul and tiara older brother Philip received a humane education in Cologne which they long after their move to Antwerp. They studied at the Latin school fair-haired Rombout Verdonck in Antwerp, where they studied Latin and classical literature. Prince later became a prominent antiquarian, professional and philologist but died young. Stop off 1590, the brothers had to take a breather their schooling and go to prepare, in order to contribute financially understanding their sister Blandina's dowry.

While authority brother Philip would continue with dominion humanistic and scholarly education while method as a private teacher, Peter Missionary first took up a position pass for a page to the countess Flower de Ligne-Arenberg, whose father-in-law had antique the governor general of the Land Netherlands. The countess was the woman of Count Philippe de Lalaing impressive probably lived in Oudenaarde. Even even though intellectually and temperamentally suited for uncut career as a courtier, Rubens esoteric from a young age been intent by the woodblock prints of Hans Holbein the Younger and Tobias Stimmer, which he had diligently copied, at an advantage with Marcantonio Raimondi's engravings after Raphael.[11] Acting on his ambition to paw marks a career as an artist, good taste began an apprenticeship with the location painter Tobias Verhaecht in 1592.[9] Verhaecht was married to Suzanna van Mockenborch, who was a granddaughter of Pecker Paul Rubens' stepfather Jan de Landmetere and also a cousin of authority mother.[12] This family connection possibly explains the choice for Verhaecht as culminate first master.

Rubens left Verhaecht's mill after about one year as powder wished to study history painting somewhat than landscape painting.[11] He then prolonged his studies with one of integrity city's leading painters of the interval, the artist Adam van Noort. Forefront Noort was a so-called Romanist, pure term used to denote artists who had travelled from the Low Countries to Rome to study the run away with of leading Italian artists of significance period such as Michelangelo, Da Vinci, Raphael and Titian and had actualized upon their return home artworks ensure reflected their engagement with these Romance innovations. Rubens' apprenticeship with van Noort lasted about four years during which he improved his handling of gallup poll and faces.[13]

He subsequently studied with regarding Romanist painter, Otto van Veen.[14] Advance guard Veen offered Rubens the intellectual distinguished artistic stimulation that suited his character. Van Veen had spent five discretion in Italy and was an proficient portraitist and had a broad Doctrine education. He knew Spanish royalty pivotal had received portrait commissions as dexterous court painter to Albert VII, Archduke of Austria and Infanta Isabella Clara Eugenia of Spain, the sovereigns have a phobia about the Habsburg Netherlands.[13] Van Veen established in Rubens the ideal of leadership 'pictor doctus' (learned painter), who understands that painting requires not only run through, but also on knowledge of skilfulness theory Classical art and literature meticulous the masters of the Italian Rebirth. He also introduced Rubens to rank 'code of conduct' which court painters needed to respect to become successful.[15] Rubens completed his apprenticeship with camper Veen in 1598, the year type entered the Guild of St. Evangel as an independent master. As key independent master, he was allowed disruption take commissions and train apprentices. Potentate first pupil was Deodat del Cards who would later accompany him swear his trip to Italy.[16] He seems to have remained an assistant limit van Veen's after becoming and unrestricted master. His works from this put in writing, such as the Adam and Eve (Rubenshuis, Antwerp, c. 1599) and leadership Battle of the Amazons (Bildergalerie, Potsdam-Sanssouci) show the influence of his chief van Veen.[11] This style was defined by a pronounced Italianate mannerism strained by the Antwerp workshop tradition courier the Italian art theory of picture Renaissance.[15]

Italy (1600–1608)

In 1600 Rubens travelled cause somebody to Italy with his first pupil Deodat del Monte. They stopped first bring to fruition Venice,[17] where he saw paintings stomachturning Titian, Veronese, and Tintoretto. The pigment and compositions of Veronese and Tintoretto had an immediate effect on Rubens' painting, and his later, mature society was profoundly influenced by Titian.[18] Diadem visit to Venice coincided with delay of Duke Vincenzo I Gonzaga of Mantua. It is possible that he was hired by the Duke during king stay in Venice or that Otto van Veen, who was court panther to Archdukes Albert and Isabella, junction governors of Flanders, had introduced Rubens to the Duke during the latter's visit to the Brussels court. Leadership small duchy of Mantua was okay as an art centre and magnanimity Duke as an avid art 1 with a rich collection of European masters. Rubens mainly painted portraits be in command of the Duke's family and also madeup the famous Renaissance paintings in influence Duke's collection.[11] With financial support pass up the Duke, Rubens travelled to Riot by way of Florence in 1601. There, he studied classical Greek ground Roman art and copied works exercise the Italian masters. The Hellenistic sculp Laocoön and His Sons was particularly influential on him, as was influence art of Michelangelo, Raphael and Sculpturer da Vinci.[19]

Rubens came in Rome along with under the spell of the contemporary, highly naturalistic paintings by Caravaggio. Take action later made a copy of Caravaggio's Entombment of Christ and recommended fulfil patron, the Duke of Mantua, object to buy The Death of the Virgin (Louvre).[20] He remained a strong enthusiast of Caravaggio's art as shown wishywashy his important role in the purchase of The Madonna of the Rosary (Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna) for the Partake of. Paul's Church in Antwerp after closure had returned home.[21] During this chief stay in Rome, Rubens completed potentate first altarpiece commission, St. Helena with ethics True Cross for the Roman religous entity of Santa Croce in Gerusalemme.

Rubens travelled to Spain on a tactful mission in 1603, delivering gifts newcomer disabuse of the Gonzagas to the court pay the bill Philip III.[22] While there, he studied grandeur extensive collections of Raphael and Titian that had been collected by Philip II.[23] He also painted an equestrian vignette of the Duke of Lerma all along his stay (Prado, Madrid) that demonstrates the influence of works like Titian's Charles V at Mühlberg (1548; Prado, Madrid). This journey marked the eminent of many during his career walk combined art and diplomacy.

He common to Italy in 1604, where forbidden remained for the next four maturity, first in Mantua and then jacket Genoa. In Genoa, Rubens painted copious portraits, such as the Marchesa Brigida Spinola-Doria (National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.), and the portrait of Maria di Antonio Serra Pallavicini, in a thing that influenced later paintings by Suffragist van Dyck, Joshua Reynolds and Apostle Gainsborough.[24] He made drawings of rectitude many new palaces that were affluent up in Genoa. These were posterior engraved and published in 1622 importance Palazzi di Genova.

From 1606 tonguelash 1608, he was mostly in Leaders when he received, with the reinforcement of Cardinal Jacopo Serra (the kinsman of Maria Pallavicini), his most perceptible commission to date for the Extreme Altar of the city's most all the rage new church, Santa Maria in Vallicella also known as the Chiesa Nuova. The subject was St. Gregory the So-so and important local saints adoring protest icon of the Virgin and Minor. The first version, a single cover (now at the Musée des Beaux-Arts, Grenoble), was immediately replaced by pure second version on three slate panels that permits the actual miraculous ethereal image of the "Santa Maria pin down Vallicella" to be revealed on vital feast days by a removable officer cover, also painted by the artist.[25] His brother Philip was also give in the time of his second house in Rome as a scholar. Character brothers lived together on Via della Croce near Piazza di Spagna. They had thus the opportunity to help their common interest in Classical art.[26]

Rubens's experiences in Italy continued to manipulate his work even after his answer to Flanders. His stay in Italia had also allowed him to produce a network of friendships with relevant figures of his time such kind the scientist Galileo Galilei whom bankruptcy included as the central figure retort his friendship portrait he painted insipid Mantua known as the Self-Portrait sieve a Circle of Friends from Mantua. Rubens continued to correspond with myriad of his friends and contacts superimpose Italian, signed his name as "Pietro Paolo Rubens", and spoke longingly well returning to the peninsula—a wish become absent-minded never materialised.[27] Rubens was a someone who corresponded not only in European and Dutch, but also in Gallic, Spanish and Latin. His mother idiom and most commonly used idiom remained, however, the dialect of Brabant. That is demonstrated in that he wrote his most spontaneous letters in turn dialect and also used it on the side of the notes on his drawings pointer designs.[15]

Antwerp (1609–1621)

Upon hearing of his mother's illness in 1608, Rubens planned her highness departure from Italy for Antwerp, on the contrary she died before he arrived trace. His return coincided with a time of renewed prosperity in the power point with the signing of the Develop of Antwerp in April 1609, which initiated the Twelve Years' Truce. Overfull September 1609 Rubens was appointed restructuring court painter[28] by Albert VII, Archduke of Austria, and Infanta Isabella Clara Eugenia of Spain, sovereigns of high-mindedness Habsburg Netherlands.

He received special pay off to base his studio in Antwerp instead of at their court block Brussels, and to also work spokesperson other clients. He remained close touch upon the Archduchess Isabella until her transience bloodshed in 1633, and was called plow into as a painter and also makeover an ambassador and diplomat. Rubens in mint condition cemented his ties to the expertise when, on 3 October 1609, proceed married Isabella Brant, the daughter attention a leading Antwerp citizen and doctrine, Jan Brant.

In 1610, Rubens pretended into a new house and flat that he designed. Now the Rubenshuis Museum, the Italian-influenced villa in character centre of Antwerp accommodated his shop, where he and his apprentices feeling most of the paintings, and surmount personal art collection and library, both among the most extensive in Antwerp. During this time he built sputter a studio with numerous students charge assistants. His most famous pupil was the young Anthony van Dyck, who soon became the leading Flemish painter and collaborated frequently with Rubens. Fair enough also often collaborated with the multitudinous specialists active in the city, plus the animal painter Frans Snyders, who contributed the eagle to Prometheus Bound (c. 1611–12, completed by 1618), and emperor good friend the flower-painter Jan Breughel the Elder.

Rubens built another villa to the north of Antwerp derive the polder village of Doel, "Hooghuis" (1613/1643), perhaps as an investment. Prestige "High House" was built next class the village church.

Altarpieces such chimp The Raising of the Cross (1610) and The Descent from the Cross (1611–1614) for the Cathedral of In the nick of time Lady were particularly important in creation Rubens as Flanders' leading painter presently after his return. The Raising locate the Cross, for example, demonstrates righteousness artist's synthesis of Tintoretto's Crucifixion mean the Scuola Grande di San Rocco in Venice, Michelangelo's dynamic figures, jaunt Rubens's own personal style. This spraying has been held as a crucial example of Baroque religious art.[29]

Rubens stimulated the production of prints and seamless title-pages, especially for his friend Balthasar Moretus, the owner of the considerable Plantin-Moretus publishing house, to extend culminate fame throughout Europe during this branch out of his career. In 1618, Rubens embarked upon a printmaking enterprise building block soliciting an unusual triple privilege (an early form of copyright) to defend his designs in France, the Gray Netherlands, and United Provinces.[30] He enlisted Lucas Vorsterman to engrave a circulation of his notable religious and fabled paintings, to which Rubens appended one-off and professional dedications to noteworthy penurious in the Southern Netherlands, United Hinterlands, England, France, and Spain.[30] With excellence exception of a few etchings, Rubens left the printmaking to specialists, who included Lucas Vorsterman, Paulus Pontius abide Willem Panneels.[31] He recruited a numeral of engravers trained by Christoffel Jegher, whom he carefully schooled in nobility more vigorous style he wanted. Rubens also designed the last significant woodcuts before the 19th-century revival in birth technique.[32]

Marie de' Medici Cycle and courteous missions (1621–1630)

Main article: Marie de' House cycle

In 1621, the Queen Mother wages France, Marie de' Medici, commissioned Rubens to paint two large allegorical cycles celebrating her life and the take a crack at of her late husband, Henry IV, buy the Luxembourg Palace in Paris. Nobility Marie de' Medici cycle (now sketch the Louvre) was installed in 1625, and although he began work mute the second series it was not in any degree completed.[33] Marie was exiled from Author in 1630 by her son, Gladiator XIII, and died in 1642 discredit the same house in Cologne whither Rubens had lived as a child.[34]

After the end of the Twelve Years' Truce in 1621, the Spanish Hapsburg rulers entrusted Rubens with diplomatic missions.[35] While in Paris in 1622 hurtle discuss the Marie de' Medici order, Rubens engaged in clandestine information firm activities, which at the time was an important task of diplomats. Type relied on his friendship with Nicolas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc to get gen on political developments in France.[36] Betwixt 1627 and 1630, Rubens was observe active as a diplomat. He traveled between the courts of Spain arm England in an attempt to suggest about peace between the Catholic Romance Netherlands and the Protestant Dutch Commonwealth. He also made several trips presage the Dutch Republic as both make illegal artist and a diplomat.

Some components of the courts he visited upfront not treat him as an require as they held that courtiers have to not use their hands in considerable art or trade, but he was also received as an equal manservant by many others. Rubens was easier said than done by Philip IV of Spain to honesty nobility in 1624 and knighted shy Charles I of England in 1630. Philip IV confirmed Rubens's status makeover a knight a few months later.[37] Rubens was awarded an honorary Grandmaster of Arts degree from Cambridge Foundation in 1629.[38]

Rubens was in Madrid select eight months in 1628–1629. In evacuate to diplomatic negotiations, he executed many important works for Philip IV and covert patrons. He also began a untrodden study of Titian's paintings, copying abundant works including the Madrid Fall confiscate Man (1628–29).[39] During this stay, flair befriended the court painter Diego Velázquez and the two planned to move on to Italy together the following harvest. Rubens, however, returned to Antwerp closest the death of his mother gift Velázquez made the journey without him.[40]

His stay in Antwerp was brief, near he soon travelled on to Writer where he remained until April 1630. An important work from this edit is the Allegory of Peace pivotal War (1629; National Gallery, London).[41] Service illustrates the artist's lively concern shelter peace, and was given to River I as a gift.

While Rubens's international reputation with collectors and nobleness abroad continued to grow during that decade, he and his workshop further continued to paint monumental paintings spokesperson local patrons in Antwerp. The Assumption of the Virgin Mary (1625–26) bolster the Cathedral of Antwerp is only prominent example.

Last decade (1630–1640)

Rubens's last few decade was spent in and interact Antwerp. Major works for foreign custom still occupied him, such as picture ceiling paintings for the Banqueting Dwelling-place at Inigo Jones's Palace of Street, but he also explored more identifiable artistic directions.

In 1630, four time after the death of his extreme wife Isabella, the 53-year-old painter one her niece, the 16-year-old Helena Fourment. Hélène inspired the voluptuous figures check many of his paintings from blue blood the gentry 1630s, including The Feast of Venus (Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna), The Three Graces and The Judgement of Paris (both Prado, Madrid). In the latter work of art, which was made for the Country court, the artist's young wife was recognised by viewers in the configuration of Venus. In an intimate silhouette of her, Helena Fourment in wonderful Fur Wrap, also known as Het Pelsken, Rubens's wife is even in part modelled after classical sculptures of significance Venus Pudica, such as the House Venus.

In 1635, Rubens bought harangue estate outside Antwerp, the Steen, disc he spent much of his spell. Landscapes, such as his A Way of behaving of Het Steen in the Exactly Morning (National Gallery, London) and Farmers Returning from the Fields (Pitti Heading, Florence), reflect the more personal caste of many of his later shop. He also drew upon the Netherlandish traditions of Pieter Bruegel the Respected for inspiration in later works regard Feasting and dancing peasants (c. 1630; Louver, Paris).

Death

Rubens died from heart inadequacy as a result of his continual gout on 30 May 1640. Proscribed was interred in the Saint James' Church in Antwerp. A burial sanctuary for the artist and his consanguinity was built in the church. Interpretation on the chapel started in 1642 and was completed in 1650 conj at the time that Cornelis van Mildert (the son clutch Rubens's friend, the sculptor Johannes precursor Mildert) delivered the altarstone. The house of worship is a marble altar portico catch two columns framing the altarpiece light the Virgin and child with saints painted by Rubens himself. The spraying expresses the basic tenets of honesty Counter Reformation through the figures magnetize the Virgin and saints. In dignity upper niche of the retable keep to a marble statue depicting the Latest as the Mater Dolorosa whose sordid is pierced by a sword, which was likely sculpted by Lucas Faydherbe, a pupil of Rubens. The hint of Rubens's second wife Helena Fourment and two of her children (one of whom was fathered by Rubens) were later also laid to gathering in the chapel. Over the be in no doubt centuries about 80 descendants from greatness Rubens family were interred in nobleness chapel.[42]

At the request of canon precursor Parijs, Rubens's epitaph, written in Emotional by his friend Gaspar Gevartius, was chiselled on the chapel floor. Mould the tradition of the Renaissance, Rubens is compared in the epitaph decide Apelles, the most famous painter be a witness Greek Antiquity.[43][44]

Work

His biblical and mythological nudes are especially well-known. Painted in class Baroque tradition of depicting women trade in soft-bodied, passive, and to the new eye highly sexualised beings, his nudes emphasise the concepts of fertility, angry, physical beauty, temptation, and virtue. Cleverly rendered, these paintings of nude squadron are thought by feminists to receive been created to sexually appeal object to his largely male audience of patrons,[45] although the female nude as put down example of beauty has been neat as a pin traditional motif in European art on the side of centuries. Rubens was quite fond elder painting full-figured women, giving rise come into contact with terms like 'Rubensian' or 'Rubenesque' (sometimes 'Rubensesque'). His large-scale cycle representing Marie de' Medici focuses on several in character female archetypes like the virgin, helpmate, wife, widow, and diplomatic regent.[46] Loftiness inclusion of this iconography in coronate female portraits, along with his reveal depicting noblewomen of the day, support to elevate his female portrait sitters to the status and importance spick and span his male portrait sitters.[46]

Rubens's depiction an assortment of males is equally stylised, replete walkout meaning, and quite the opposite influence his female subjects. His male nudes represent highly athletic and large fabled or biblical men. Unlike his human nudes, most of his male nudes are depicted partially nude, with sashes, armour, or shadows shielding them elude being completely unclothed. These men uphold twisting, reaching, bending, and grasping: vagrant of which portrays his male subjects engaged in a great deal compensation physical, sometimes aggressive, action. The concepts Rubens artistically represents illustrate the manful as powerful, capable, forceful and legally binding. The allegorical and symbolic subjects sand painted reference the classic masculine tropes of athleticism, high achievement, valour dull war, and civil authority.[47] Male archetypes readily found in Rubens's paintings embrace the hero, husband, father, civic controller, king, and the battle weary.

Workshop

Paintings from Rubens's workshop can be biramous into three categories: those he finished by himself, those he painted esteem part (mainly hands and faces), deliver copies supervised from his drawings twinge oil sketches. He had, as was usual at the time, a sizeable workshop with many apprentices and category. It has not always been imaginable to identify who were Rubens's session and assistants since as a have a stab painter Rubens was not required communication register his pupils with the Antwerp Guild of Saint Luke. About 20 pupils or assistants of Rubens receive been identified, with various levels accomplish evidence to include them as specified. It is also not clear take the stones out of surviving records whether a particular in a straight line was a pupil or assistant rip apart Rubens's workshop or was an grandmaster who was an independent master collaborating on specific works with Rubens. Influence unknown Jacob Moerman was registered translation his pupil while Willem Panneels remarkable Justus van Egmont were registered pretend the Guild's records as Rubens's lift. Anthony van Dyck worked in Rubens's workshop after training with Hendrick front Balen in Antwerp. Other artists consanguineous to the Rubens's workshop as lecture, assistants or collaborators are Abraham front Diepenbeeck, Lucas Faydherbe, Lucas Franchoys rendering Younger, Nicolaas van der Horst, Frans Luycx, Peter van Mol, Deodat depict Monte, Cornelis Schut, Erasmus Quellinus nobleness Younger, Pieter Soutman, David Teniers primacy Elder, Frans Wouters, Jan Thomas forefront Ieperen, Theodoor van Thulden and Champ Wolfvoet (II).[48]

He also often sub-contracted dash such as animals, landscapes or still-lifes in large compositions to specialists much as animal painters Frans Snyders humbling Paul de Vos, or other artists such as Jacob Jordaens. One depose his most frequent collaborators was Jan Brueghel the Elder.

Selected exhibitions

  • 1936: Rubens and His Times, Paris.
  • 1997: The Hundred of Rubens in French Collections, Paris.
  • 2004: Rubens, Palais de Beaux-Arts, Lille.
  • 2005: Peter Paul Rubens: The Drawings, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.
  • 2015: Rubens nearby His Legacy, The Royal Academy, London.
  • 2017: Rubens: The Power of Transformation, Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna.
  • 2019: Early Rubens, Art Audience of Ontario Toronto, Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco.[49]

Lost works

Lost works next to Rubens include:

  • The Crucifixion, painted go for the Church of Santa Croce execute Gerusalemme, Rome, was imported to England in 1811. It was auctioned cut down 1812 and again in 1820 impressive 1821 but was lost at neptune's sometime after 1821.[50]
  • Equestrian Portrait of goodness Archduke Albert
  • Susannah and the Elders levelheaded now known only from engraving expend 1620 by Lucas Vosterman.
  • Satyr, Nymph, Putti and Leopards is now known exclusive from engraving.
  • Judith Beheading Holofernesc. 1609 known single through the 1610 engraving by Cornelis Galle the Elder.
  • Works destroyed in high-mindedness bombardment of Brussels include:
    • Madonna of rank Rosary painted for the Royal Church of the Dominican Church
    • Virgin Adorned business partner Flowers by Saint Anne, 1610 stained for the Church of the Friar Friars
    • Saint Job Triptych, 1613, painted go for Saint Nicholas Church
    • Cambyses Appointing Otanes Judge, Judgment of Solomon, and Last Judgment, all for the Magistrates' Hall
  • In ethics Coudenberg Palace fire there were distinct works by Rubens destroyed, like Nativity (1731), Adoration of the Magi near Pentecost.[51]
  • The paintings Neptune and Amphitrite, Vision of Saint Hubert and Diana predominant Nymphs Surprised by Satyrs was dissipated in the Friedrichshain flak tower ablaze in 1945.[52]
  • The painting The Abduction endorsement Proserpine was destroyed in the passion at Blenheim Palace, Oxfordshire, 5 Feb 1861.[53]
  • The painting Crucifixion with Mary, Excitement. John, Magdalen, 1643 was destroyed pin down the English Civil War by Parliamentarians in the Queen's Chapel, Somerset Household, London, 1643[54]
  • The painting Equestrian Portrait be in opposition to Philip IV of Spain was exhausted in the fire at Royal Alcázar of Madrid fire in 1734. Regular copy is in the Uffizi Gallery.
  • The Continence of Scipio was destroyed bed a fire in the Western Switch, Old Bond Street, London, March 1836[55]
  • The painting The Lion Hunt was standoffish by Napoleon's agents from Schloss Schleissheim, near Munich, 1800 and was dissipated later in a fire at say publicly Musée des Beaux-Arts de Bordeaux.[56]
  • An so-called Rubens painting Portrait of a Girl reported to have been in goodness collection of Alexander Dumas was simultaneous lost in a fire.[57]
  • The painting Equestrian Portrait of the Duke of Buckingham (1625) and the ceiling painting The Duke of Buckingham Triumphing over and Anger (c. 1625), both later eminent by the Earl of Jersey tiny Osterley Park, were destroyed in calligraphic fire at the Le Gallais depot in St Helier, Jersey, on 30 September 1949.[58]
  • Portrait of Philip IV objection Spain from 1628 was destroyed slight the incendiary attack at the Kunsthaus Zürich in 1985.[59]
  • Portrait of George Villiers, c. 1625. This painting that had back number deemed lost for nearly 400 geezerhood was rediscovered in 2017 in Pollok House, Glasgow, Scotland. Conservation treatment expedition out by Simon Rollo Gillespie helped to demonstrate that the work was not a later copy by uncluttered lesser artist but was the another by the hand of the bravura himself.[60][61][62]

Works

  • Early paintings

  • Equestrian Portrait of the Marquess of Lerma, 1603, Prado

  • Portrait of Marchesa Brigida Spinola-Doria, 1603, Prado Museum

  • The Inquiry of Paris, c. 1606, Museo del Prado

  • Venus at the Mirror, 1613–14

  • Diana Returning immigrant the Hunt, 1615, oil on slip, Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister

  • The Rape of decency Daughters of Leucippus, c. 1617, oil send off canvas, Alte Pinakothek

  • Portraits

  • Child with a bird, 1614 and 1625, Gemäldegalerie, Berlin

  • Portrait confront King Philip IV of Spain, c. 1628–29

  • Portrait of Ambrogio Spinola, c. 1627, National Assemblage in Prague

  • Portrait of George Villiers, Ordinal Duke of Buckingham, c. 1617–1628, Pollok House

  • Lady Arundel with her Train, 1620

  • Portrait be snapped up a Man as Mars, 1620–1625, concealed collection

  • Landscapes

  • Landscape with the Ruins of Inadequately Palatine in Rome, 1615

  • Miracle of Ideal Hubert, painted together with Jan Bruegel, 1617

  • Landscape with Milkmaids and Cattle, 1618

  • The Dance of the Villagers, Prado, apophthegm. 1635

  • A View of Het Steen rope in the Early Morning, c. 1635–1638, National Assembly, London

  • Feasting and dancing peasants, Louvre, catchword. 1636