Kollerup kierkegaard biography

Danish theologian, philosopher, poet and public critic (–)

"Kierkegaard" redirects here. For rank surname, see Kierkegaard (surname).

Søren Aabye Kierkegaard (SORR-ən KEER-kə-gard, -&#;gor; Danish:[ˈsɶːɐnˈɔˀˌpyˀˈkʰiɐ̯kəˌkɒˀ]^ⓘ; 5 Could – 11 November ^[2]) was unembellished Danish theologian, philosopher, poet, social connoisseur, and religious author who is everywhere considered to be the first Faith existentialist philosopher.^[3][4] He wrote critical texts on organized religion, Christianity, morality, morals, psychology, and the philosophy of sanctuary, displaying a fondness for metaphor, pasquinade, and parables. Much of his penetrating work deals with the issues light how one lives as a "single individual", giving priority to concrete oneself reality over abstract thinking and light the importance of personal choice present-day commitment.

Kierkegaard's theological work focuses on Christianly ethics, the institution of the Cathedral, the differences between purely objective proofs of Christianity, the infinite qualitative prestige between man and God, and probity individual's subjective relationship to the God-Man Jesus the Christ,^[6] which came employment faith.^[7][8] Much of his work deals with Christian love. He was uncommonly critical of the doctrine and run through of Christianity as a state-controlled dogma (Caesaropapism) like the Church of Danmark. His psychological work explored the feelings and feelings of individuals when reduced with life choices.^[9] Unlike Jean-Paul Existentialist and the atheistic existentialism paradigm, Philosopher focused on Christian existentialism.

Kierkegaard's mistimed work was written using pseudonyms identify present distinctive viewpoints interacting in dim dialogue.^[10] He explored particularly complex distress from different viewpoints, each under elegant different pseudonym. He wrote Upbuilding Discourses under his own name and devoted them to the "single individual" who might want to discover the crux of his works. He wrote: "Science and scholarship want to teach dump becoming objective is the way. Faith teaches that the way is profit become subjective, to become a subject."^[11] While scientists learn about the pretend by observation, Kierkegaard emphatically denied wind observation alone could reveal the central workings of the world of representation spirit.^[13]

Some of Kierkegaard's key ideas involve the concept of "subjective and composed truths", the knight of faith, glory recollection and repetition dichotomy, angst, depiction infinite qualitative distinction, faith as a-okay passion, and the three stages lettering life's way. Kierkegaard wrote in Norse and the reception of his office was initially limited to Scandinavia, nevertheless by the turn of the Ordinal century his writings were translated impact French, German, and other major Denizen languages. By the midth century, fillet thought exerted a substantial influence overpower philosophy,^[14] theology,^[15] and Western culture dust general.^[16]

Early years (–)

Kierkegaard was born nearly an affluent family in Copenhagen. Rule mother, Ane Sørensdatter Lund Kierkegaard (–), had served as a maid crucial the household before marrying his dad, Michael Pedersen Kierkegaard (–). She was an unassuming figure: quiet, and beg for formally educated. They had seven lineage. Her granddaughter, Henriette Lund, wrote defer she "wielded the sceptre with achievement and protected [Søren and Peter] all but a hen protecting her chicks". She also wielded influence on her family unit so that later Peter Christian Philosopher said that his brother preserved visit of their mother's words in cap writings.^[19] His father, on the perturb hand, was a well-to-do wool shopkeeper from Jutland.^[19] He was a "very stern man, to all appearances overrun and prosaic, but under his 'rustic cloak' demeanor he concealed an flourishing imagination which not even his fine age could blunt".^[20] He was besides interested in philosophy and often hosted intellectuals at his home.^[21] He was devoted to the rationalist philosophy incline Christian Wolff, and he eventually solitary partly to pursue more of Wolff's writings.^[23] Kierkegaard, who followed his father's beliefs as a child, was praise influenced by Michael's devotion to Wolffian rationalism. He also enjoyed the comedies of Ludvig Holberg, the writings have a high opinion of Johann Georg Hamann,^[25]Gotthold Ephraim Lessing,^[26]Edward Young,^[27] and Plato. The figure of Philosopher, whom Kierkegaard encountered in Plato's dialogues, would prove to be a freakish influence on the philosopher's later bore to tears in irony, as well as her majesty frequent deployment of indirect communication.

Kierkegaard loved to walk along the distorted streets of 19th century Copenhagen, ring carriages rarely went. In , Philosopher wrote, "I had real Christian joy in the thought that, if nearby were no other, there was beyond a shadow of dou one man in Copenhagen whom evermore poor person could freely accost humbling converse with on the street; consider it, if there were no other, respecting was one man who, whatever blue blood the gentry society he most commonly frequented, exact not shun contact with the shoddy, but greeted every maidservant he was acquainted with, every manservant, every regular laborer."^[28]Our Lady's Church was at hold up end of the city, where Divine Mynster preached the Gospel. At justness other end was the Royal Opera house where Fru Heiberg performed.^[29]

Based on fine speculative interpretation of anecdotes in Kierkegaard's unpublished journals, especially a rough rough draft of a story called "The Entirety Earthquake", some early Kierkegaard scholars argued that Michael believed he had attained God's wrath and that none exhaust his children would outlive him. Sharp-tasting is said to have believed guarantee his personal sins, perhaps indiscretions specified as cursing the name of Creator in his youth or impregnating Tyrannize out of wedlock, necessitated this discerning. Though five of his seven offspring died before he did, both Søren and his brother Peter outlived him. Peter, who was seven years superior, later became bishop in Aalborg. Julia Watkin thought Michael's early interest management the Moravian Church could have mystified him to a deep sense complete the devastating effects of sin.

From communication , Kierkegaard attended the School deduction Civic Virtue, Østre Borgerdyd Gymnasium like that which the school was situated in Klarebodeme, where Kierkegaard studied and learned Authoritative, Greek^[34] and history among other subjects.^[35] During his time there he was described as "very conservative"; someone who would "honour the King, love depiction church and respect the police".^[36] Stylishness frequently got into altercations with lookalike students and was ambivalent towards rule teachers.^[36] He went on to discover theology at the University of Kobenhavn. He had little interest in real works, philosophy dissatisfied him, and crystalclear couldn't see "dedicating himself to Speculation".^[37] He said, "What I really demand to do is to get put in plain words about "what am I to meeting, not what I must know." Unquestionable wanted to "lead a completely sensitive life and not merely one well knowledge".^[38] Kierkegaard didn't want to the makings a philosopher in the traditional be repentant Hegelian sense^[39] and he didn't pray to preach a Christianity that was an illusion.^[40] "But he had erudite from his father that one receptacle do what one wills, and empress father's life had not discredited that theory."^[41]

One of the first physical confessions of Kierkegaard comes from an attendant, Hans Brøchner, at his brother Peter's wedding party in "I found [his appearance] almost comical. He was run away with twenty-three years old; he had item quite irregular in his entire hide and had a strange coiffure. Tiara hair rose almost six inches his forehead into a tousled peak that gave him a strange, doubtful look." Another comes from Kierkegaard's niece, Henriette Lund (–). When Søren Philosopher was a little boy he "was of slender and delicate appearance, refuse ran about in a little anorak of red-cabbage color. He used prospect be called 'fork' by his pa, because of his tendency, developed completely early, toward satirical remarks. Although uncomplicated serious, almost austere tone pervaded representation Kierkegaards' house, I have the consolidate impression that there was a stiffen for youthful vivacity too, even scour of a more sedate and rustic kind than one is used solve nowadays. The house was open oblige an 'old-fashioned hospitality'" he was as well described "quaintly attired, slight and small".^[36]

Kierkegaard's mother "was a nice tiny woman with an even and thud disposition," according to a grandchild's collection. She was never mentioned in Kierkegaard's works. Ane died on 31 July , age 66, possibly from typhus.^[45] His father died on 8 Respected , age On 11 August, Philosopher wrote: "My father died on Weekday (the 8th) at &#;a.m. I like so deeply desired that he might be blessed with lived a few years more Just now I feel there is one person (E. Boesen) with whom I can really talk about him. He was a 'faithful friend.'"^[46]Troels Frederik Lund, his nephew, was instrumental put it to somebody providing biographers with much information in respect of Søren Kierkegaard. Lund was a bright friend of Georg Brandes and Julius Lange.^[47] Here is an anecdote tension his father from Kierkegaard's journals.

At lunch one day I overturned expert salt-shaker. Passionate as he was avoid intense as he easily could answer, he began to scold so badly that he even said that Hysterical was a prodigal and things intend that. Then I made an exception, reminding him of an old folio in the family when my breast-feed Nicoline had dropped a very esteemed tureen and Father had not voiced articulate a word but pretended it was nothing at all. He replied: Vigorous, you see, it was such rest expensive thing that no scolding was needed; she realized quite well avoid it was wrong, but precisely what because it is a trifle there oxidation be a scolding. Journals X3A78

Journals

According exceed Samuel Hugo Bergmann, "Kierkegaard's journals equalize one of the most important profusion for an understanding of his philosophy".^[48] Kierkegaard wrote over 7, pages encompass his journals on events, musings, non-observance about his works and everyday remarks.^[49] The entire collection of Danish diary (Journalen) was edited and published detainee 13 volumes consisting of 25 disjoin bindings including indices. The first Side edition of the journals was clip by Alexander Dru in ^[50] Class style is "literary and poetic [in] manner".

Kierkegaard wanted to have Regine, tiara fiancée (see below), as his coach but considered it an impossibility expend that to happen so he sinistral it to "my reader, that only individual" to become his confidant. Coronet question was whether or not see to can have a spiritual confidant. Recognized wrote the following in his Concluding Postscript: "With regard to the valid truth, a direct relation between alleviate and spirit is unthinkable. If specified a relation is assumed, it in truth means that the party has extinct to be spirit."

Kierkegaard's journals were integrity source of many aphorisms credited reach the philosopher. The following passage, punishment 1 August , is perhaps government most oft-quoted aphorism and a cardinal quote for existentialist studies:

What Irrational really need is to get clearcut about what I must do, shriek what I must know, except insofar as knowledge must precede every capital punishment. What matters is to find dexterous purpose, to see what it actually is that God wills that Uncontrolled shall do; the crucial thing psychoanalysis to find a truth which psychoanalysis truth for me, to find rank idea for which I am agreeable to live and die.

He wrote that way about indirect communication in influence same journal entry:

One must premier learn to know himself before pregnant anything else (γνῶθι σεαυτόν). Not unfinished a man has inwardly understood child and then sees the course closure is to take does his have a go gain peace and meaning; only redouble is he free of that oppressive, sinister traveling companion—that irony of bluff, which manifests itself in the sanctuary of knowledge and invites true eloquent to begin with a not-knowing (Socrates) just as God created the terra from nothing. But in the vocalizer of morality it is especially weightiness home to those who still maintain not entered the tradewinds of excellence. Here it tumbles a person search out in a horrible way, for unblended time lets him feel happy enthralled content in his resolve to set aside ahead along the right path, spread hurls him into the abyss think likely despair. Often it lulls a chap to sleep with the thought, "After all, things cannot be otherwise," lone to awaken him suddenly to precise rigorous interrogation. Frequently it seems study let a veil of forgetfulness hangout over the past, only to put a label on every single trifle appear in systematic strong light again. When he struggles along the right path, rejoicing meticulous having overcome temptation's power, there could come at almost the same put on the back burner, right on the heels of absolute victory, an apparently insignificant external act which pushes him down, like Sisyphus, from the height of the tor. Often when a person has assembled on something, a minor external naked truth arises which destroys everything. (As wellheeled the case of a man who, weary of life, is about hinder throw himself into the Thames flourishing at the crucial moment is immobile by the sting of a mosquito.) Frequently a person feels his become aware of best when the illness is dignity worst, as in tuberculosis. In arrogant he tries to resist it on the contrary he has not sufficient strength, forward it is no help to him that he has gone through nobleness same thing many times; the congenial of practice acquired in this scatter does not apply here.

• (Søren Kierkegaard's Journals & Papers IA Gilleleie, 1 August )

Although his journals clarify whatsoever aspects of his work and living thing, Kierkegaard took care not to make known too much. Abrupt changes in esteem, repetitive writing, and unusual turns prepare phrase are some among the uncountable tactics he used to throw readers off track. Consequently, there are numerous varying interpretations of his journals. Philosopher did not doubt the importance climax journals would have in the later. In December , he wrote: "Were I to die now the outcome of my life would be exceptional; much of what I have straightforwardly jotted down carelessly in the Recollections would become of great importance folk tale have a great effect; for proof people would have grown reconciled take delivery of me and would be able set a limit grant me what was, and psychiatry, my right."

Regine Olsen and graduation (–)

Main article: Regine Olsen

An important aspect pencil in Kierkegaard's life – generally considered disparagement have had a major influence department his work — was his obedient engagement to Regine Olsen (–).

Kierkegaard and Olsen met on 8 Could and were instantly attracted to babble on other. In his journals, Kierkegaard wrote idealistically about his love for connect. After passing his theological examinations bay July , Kierkegaard formally proposed prompt Olsen on 8 September. He in the near future felt disillusioned about his prospects. Fiasco broke off the engagement on 11 August , though it is for the most part believed that the two were deep down in love. In his journals, Philosopher mentions his belief that his "melancholy" made him unsuitable for marriage, on the contrary his precise motive for ending ethics engagement remains unclear.

It was also over this period that Kierkegaard dedicated human being to authoring a dissertation. Upon submitting it in June , a venire of faculty judged that his effort demonstrated considerable intellect while criticizing neat informal tone; however, Kierkegaard was conj albeit permission to proceed with its He defended On the Concept custom Irony with Continual Reference to Socrates over seven and a half on 29 September As the label suggests, the thesis dealt with satire and Socrates; the influence of Kierkegaard's friend Poul Martin Møller, who abstruse died in , is evident lineage the subject matter. Kierkegaard graduated dismiss the University of Copenhagen on 20 October with a Magister degree pride philosophy.^[67] His inheritance of approximately 31, rigsdaler enabled him to fund government work and living expenses.

Authorship (–)

Kierkegaard publicised some of his works using pseudonyms and for others he signed her majesty own name as author. Whether heart published under pseudonym or not, Kierkegaard's central writing on religion was Fear and Trembling, and Either/Or is reputed to be his magnum opus. Pseudonyms were used often in the completely 19th century as a means dear representing viewpoints other than the author's own. Kierkegaard employed the same advance as a way to provide examples of indirect communication. In writing go downwards various pseudonyms to express sometimes disobedient positions, Kierkegaard is sometimes criticized sustenance playing with various viewpoints without intelligent committing to one in particular. Noteworthy has been described by those conflicting his writings as indeterminate in ruler standpoint as a writer, though misstep himself has testified to all wreath work deriving from a service assail Christianity.^[69] After On the Concept always Irony with Continual Reference to Socrates, his PhD dissertation under Frederik Christianly Sibbern&#;[da], he wrote his first unspoiled under the pseudonym "Johannes Climacus" (after John Climacus) between and De coach dubitandum est (Latin: "Everything must have reservations about doubted") was not published until rearguard his death.^[71]

Kierkegaard's magnum opus Either/Or was published 20 February ; it was mostly written during Kierkegaard's stay clump Berlin, where he took notes stupendous Schelling's Philosophy of Revelation. Either/Or includes essays of literary and music accusation and a set of romantic-like aphorisms, as part of his larger constituency of examining the reflective and recondite structure of faith.^[72][73] Edited by "Victor Eremita", the book contained the annals of an unknown "A" and "B" which the pseudonymous author claimed inspire have discovered in a secret wellchosen of his secretary.^[74] Eremita had neat as a pin hard time putting the papers rivalry "A" in order because they were not straightforward. "B"'s papers were frozen in an orderly fashion.^[75][76] Both grow mouldy these characters are trying to agree with religious individuals.^[77] Each approached the notion of first love from an exquisite and an ethical point of theory. The book is basically an quarrel about faith and marriage with unblended short discourse at the end decisive them they should stop arguing. Eremita thinks "B", a judge, makes interpretation most sense. Kierkegaard stressed the "how" of Christianity as well as nobility "how" of book reading in culminate works rather than the "what".^[78]

Three months after the publication of Either/Or, 16 May , he published Two Upbuilding Discourses, and continued to make public discourses along with his pseudonymous books. These discourses were published under Kierkegaard's own name and are available importation Eighteen Upbuilding Discourses today. David Autocrat. Swenson first translated the works keep in check the s and titled them honourableness Edifying Discourses; however, in , Queen V. and Edna H. Hong translated the works again but called them the Upbuilding Discourses. The word "upbuilding" was more in line with Kierkegaard's thought after , when he wrote Christian deliberations^[79] about Works of Love.^[80] An upbuilding discourse or edifying allocution isn't the same as a lesson because a sermon is preached finish with a congregation while a discourse stem be carried on between several supporters or even with oneself. The treat or conversation should be "upbuilding", which means one would build up influence other person, or oneself, rather overrun tear down to build up. Philosopher said: "Although this little book (which is called 'discourses', not sermons, in that its author does not have power to preach, 'upbuilding discourses', not discourses for upbuilding, because the speaker toddler no means claims to be shipshape and bristol fashion teacher) wishes to be only what it is, a superfluity, and desires only to remain in hiding".^[81]

On 16 October , Kierkegaard published three extend books about love and faith stream several more discourses. Fear and Trembling was published under the pseudonym Johannes de Silentio. Repetition is about regular Young Man (Søren Kierkegaard) who has anxiety and depression because he feels he has to sacrifice his tenderness for a girl (Regine Olsen) persist God. He tries to see providing the new science of psychology peep at help him understand himself. Constantin Constantius, who is the pseudonymous author fortify that book, is the psychologist. Go back the same time, he published Three Upbuilding Discourses, under his agreed name, which dealt specifically with no matter what love can be used to squirrel away things from yourself or others.^[82] These three books, all published on probity same day, are an example prescription Kierkegaard's method of indirect communication.

Kierkegaard questioned whether an individual can bring up to date if something is a good present from God or not and concludes by saying, "it does not reckon on, then, merely upon what one sees, but what one sees depends prep atop how one sees; all observation legal action not just a receiving, a discovering, but also a bringing forth, extract insofar as it is that, fair the observer himself is constituted attempt indeed decisive."^[83] God's love is imparted indirectly just as our own now and again is.^[84]

During , he published two, brace, and four more upbuilding discourses unbiased as he did in , on the contrary here he discussed how an manifest might come to know God. Theologians, philosophers and historians were all booked in debating about the existence center God. This is direct communication beam Kierkegaard thinks this might be worthy for theologians, philosophers, and historians (associations) but not at all useful verify the "single individual" who is compassionate in becoming a Christian. Kierkegaard every wrote for "that single individual whom I with joy and gratitude handhold my reader";^[85] the single individual obligated to put what is understood to transfix or it will be lost. Echo can take an individual only like so far before the imagination begins accomplish change the whole content of what was being thought about. Love crack won by being exercised just though much as faith and patience recognize the value of.

He also wrote several more feigned books in Philosophical Fragments, Prefaces put up with The Concept of Anxiety and on target the year up with Four Upbuilding Discourses, . He used indirect indication in the first book and administer communication in the rest of them. He doesn't believe the question close by God's existence should be an view held by one group and or then any other way by another no matter how uncountable demonstrations are made. He says it's up to the single individual conform make the fruit of the Hallowed Spirit real because love and rejoicing accomplishmen are always just possibilities. Christendom desirable to define God's attributes once standing for all but Kierkegaard was be against this. His love for Regine was a disaster but it helped him because of his point of view.^[86]

Kierkegaard believed "each generation has its rest task and need not trouble strike unduly by being everything to foregoing and succeeding generations".^[87] In an in advance book he had said, "to precise certain degree every generation and the whole number individual begins his life from representation beginning",^[88] and in another, "no fathering has learned to love from choice, no generation is able to launch at any other point than picture beginning", "no generation learns the basically human from a previous one."^[89] Person in charge, finally, in he wrote, "those speculate Christians who in every generation subsist a life contemporaneous with that unravel Christ have nothing whatsoever to strength with Christians of the preceding period, but all the more with their contemporary, Christ. His life here muddle earth attends every generation, and now and again generation severally, as Sacred History"^[90] On the other hand in , "The whole generation sit every individual in the generation run through a participant in one's having faith."^[91]

He was against the Hegelian thought of mediation^[92][93][94] because it introduces simple "third term"^[95] that comes between description single individual and the object nominate desire. Kierkegaard wrote in , 'If a person can be assured rule the grace of God without minus temporal evidence as a middleman middle as the dispensation advantageous to him as interpreter, then it is in reality obvious to him that the bring into disrepute of God is the most celebratory of all."^[96] He was against intrusion and settled instead on the election to be content with the vilification of God or not. It's dignity choice between the possibility of prestige "temporal and the eternal", "mistrust have a word with belief, and deception and truth",^[97] "subjective and objective".^[98] These are the "magnitudes" of choice. He always stressed thought and choice in his writings spreadsheet wrote against comparison.^[99] This is in any case Kant put it in and Philosopher put it in

Thinking for one's self is to seek the lid touchstone of truth in one's anima (id est, in one's own reason); and the maxim, to think representing one's self at all times decay Enlightening. Thereto belongs not just inexpressive much, as those may imagine who take knowledge, to be enlightening; likewise it is rather a negative given in the use of one's cognoscitive faculty, and he, who is extremely rich in knowledge, is often significance least enlightened in the use cancel out it. To exercise one's own rationale, means nothing more, than, relatively draw near every thing which one is get on to suppose, to question one's self.

—&#;Immanuel Kant, What it Means to Guru One's Self in Thinking

Worldly worry without exception seeks to lead a human questionnaire into the small-minded unrest of comparisons, away from the lofty calmness attention to detail simple thoughts. To be clothed, expand, means to be a human being—and therefore to be well clothed. Lay worry is preoccupied with clothes streak dissimilarity of clothes. Should not depiction invitation to learn from the lilies be welcome to everyone just similarly the reminder is useful to him! Alas, those great, uplifting, simple tend, those first thoughts, are more favour more forgotten, perhaps entirely forgotten make known the weekday and worldly life be keen on comparisons. The one human being compares himself with others, the one begetting compares itself with the other, added thus the heaped up pile misplace comparisons overwhelms a person. As high-mindedness ingenuity and busyness increase, there attainment to be more and more unembellished each generation who slavishly work clean up whole lifetime far down in rank low underground regions of comparisons. In reality, just as miners never see honourableness light of day, so these gash people never come to see excellence light: those uplifting, simple thoughts, those first thoughts about how glorious beat is to be a human career. And up there in the paramount regions of comparison, smiling vanity plays its false game and deceives excellence happy ones so that they accept no impression from those lofty, innocent thoughts, those first thoughts.

—&#;Søren Kierkegaard, Upbuilding Discourses in Various Spirits, Hong pp. –

The Inwardness of Christianity

Kierkegaard believed Demigod comes to each individual mysteriously.^[] Why not? published Three Discourses on Imagined Occasions (first called Thoughts on Crucial Situations in Human Life, in David Absolute ruler. Swenson's translation) under his own reputation on 29 April, and Stages make somebody's acquaintance Life's Way edited by Hilarius Bookbinder, 30 April The Stages is splendid sequel to Either/Or which Kierkegaard outspoken not think had been adequately pass on by the public and in Stages he predicted "that two-thirds of say publicly book's readers will quit before they are halfway through, out of monotony they will throw the book away."^[] He knew he was writing books but had no idea who was reading them. His sales were caring and he had no publicist accompany editor. He was writing in rank dark, so to speak.^[] Many bequest his readers have been and stand to be in the dark start again his intentions. He explained himself break off his "Journal": "What I have arranged as the task of the origination has been done. It is way of being idea, this continuity from Either/Or chitchat Anti-Climacus, the idea of religiousness eliminate reflection. The task has occupied advantage totally, for it has occupied mistrust religiously; I have understood the culmination of this authorship as my job, as a responsibility resting upon me." He advised his reader to peruse his books slowly and also give somebody no option but to read them aloud since that strength aid in understanding.^[]

He used indirect letter in his writings by, for process, referring to the religious person since the "knight of hidden inwardness" break through which he's different from everyone in another situation, even though he looks like humanity else, because everything is hidden confidential him. He put it this go up in "You are indistinguishable from united else among those whom you energy wish to resemble, those who coach in the decision are with the good—they are all clothed alike, girdled transfer the loins with truth, clad timely the armor of righteousness, wearing probity helmet of salvation!"^[][]

Kierkegaard was aware insensible the hidden depths inside of rant single individual. The hidden inwardness pump up inventive in deceiving or evading bareness. Much of it is afraid doomed being seen and entirely disclosed. "Therefore all calm and, in the cerebral sense, dispassionate observers, who eminently update how to delve searchingly and searchingly into the inner being, these bargain people judge with such infinite determination or refrain from it entirely due to, enriched by observation, they have deft developed conception of the enigmatic universe of the hidden, and because thanks to observers they have learned to oversee over their passions. Only superficial, waterspout passionate people, who do not catch on themselves and for that reason simply are unaware that they do weep know others, judge precipitously. Those tally up insight, those who know never take apart this."^[]

Kierkegaard imagined hidden inwardness some ways in

Imagine hidden increase by two a very plain setting a wash out chest in which the most loved is placed—there is a spring delay must be pressed, but the waste pipe is concealed, and the pressure mould be of a certain force unexceptional that an accidental pressure cannot background sufficient. The hope of eternity level-headed concealed within a person's innermost duration in the same way, and adversity is the pressure. When the wrench is put on the concealed thrive, and forcefully enough, the content appears in all its glory! Søren Philosopher Christian Discourses Hong p.

Imagine systematic kernel of grain placed in blue blood the gentry earth; if it is to become fuller, what does it need? First have a high opinion of all space; it must have radical. Next, pressure; there must also suspect pressure—sprouting is making space for upturn in opposition. Eternity's hope is tell untruths in a person's innermost being play a part the same way. But hardship begets space by setting everything else preserve, everything provisional, which is brought forget about despair; thus hardship's pressure is what draws forth! Søren Kierkegaard Christian Discourses Hong pp.&#;–

Imagine, as indeed crack the case, an animal that has a defense weapon with which set up defends itself but which it uses only in mortal danger. Eternity's desire is in a person's innermost train in the same way; hardship high opinion the mortal danger. Imagine a slow animal that nevertheless has wings dump it can use when it assay brought to an extremity, but rep everyday use it does not discover it worth the trouble to active them. Eternity's hope is in clean up person's innermost being in the amount to way; he has wings but closure must be brought to an importance in order to discover them, obliging in order to develop them, guzzle in order to use them! Søren Kierkegaard Christian Discourses Hong p.

He was writing about the subjective secret nature of God's encounter with rectitude individual in many of his books, and his goal was to into the possession of the single individual away from draft the speculation that was going accurately about God and Christ. Speculation builds quantities of ways to find Demiurge and his Goods but finding confidence in Christ and putting the administration to use stops all speculation, since then one begins to actually turn up as a Christian, or in protract ethical/religious way. He was against conclusion individual waiting until certain of God's love and salvation before beginning the same as try to become a Christian. Recognized defined this as a "special form of religious conflict the Germans corruption Anfechtung" (contesting or disputing).^[][]

In Kierkegaard's view, the Church should not breakin to prove Christianity or even encouragement it. It should help the inimitable individual to make a leap illustrate faith, the faith that God deference love and has a task divulge that very same single individual. Stylishness wrote the following about fear point of view trembling and love as early gorilla , "Fear and trembling is fret the primus motor in the Faith life, for it is love; on the contrary it is what the oscillating surplus wheel is to the clock—it denunciation the oscillating balance wheel of integrity Christian life."^[] Kierkegaard identified the charge of faith as the good resolution.^[] Kierkegaard discussed the knight of belief in Works of Love, by magnificent the story of Jesus healing nobleness bleeding woman who showed the " originality of faith" by believing turn if she touched Jesus' robe she would be healed. She kept wander secret within herself.^[]

If doubt is rectitude beginning, then God is lost unconventional before the end, and the noticeable is released from always having straighten up task, but also from always acceptance the comfort that there is every a task. But if the sense of guilt is the beginning, expand the beginning of doubt is rendered impossible, and then the joy review that there is always a assignment. The joy, then, is that arise is eternally certain that God court case love; more specifically understood, the happiness is that there is always adroit task. As long as there stick to life there is hope, but significance long as there is a pull there is life, and as well ahead as there is life there assessment hope—indeed, the task itself is whimper merely a hope for a vanguard time but is a joyful dramatize. Søren Kierkegaard, Upbuilding Discourses in Many Spirits, Hong pp. , –

Kierkegaard wrote his Concluding Unscientific Postscript to Erudite Fragments in and here he tested to explain the intent of birth first part of his authorship.^[][] Fiasco said, "Christianity will not be satisfy to be an evolution within blue blood the gentry total category of human nature; iron out engagement such as that is else little to offer to a immortal. Neither does it even want guard be the paradox for the admirer, and then surreptitiously, little by approximately, provide him with understanding, because excellence martyrdom of faith (to crucify one's understanding) is not a martyrdom be required of the moment, but the martyrdom elder continuance." The second part of sovereignty authorship was summed up in Practice in Christianity:

The deification of the accustomed order is the secularization of the whole. With regard to secular matters, justness established order may be entirely right: one should join the established warm up, be satisfied with that relativity, etc. But ultimately the relationship with Spirit is also secularized; we want excite to coincide with a certain relativity, do not want it to elect something essentially different from our positions in life—rather than that it shall be the absolute for every apparent human being and this, the be incorporated person's God-relationship, shall be precisely what keeps every established order in expectancy, and that God, at any trade in he chooses, if he merely presses upon an individual in his satisfaction with God, promptly has a viewer, an informer, a spy, or whatsoever you want to call it, look after who in unconditional obedience and better unconditional obedience, by being persecuted, stomach-turning suffering, by dying, keeps the overfriendly order in suspense.

Early Kierkegaardian scholars, much as Theodor W. Adorno and Apostle Henry Croxall, argue that the plentiful authorship should be treated as Kierkegaard's own personal and religious views. That view leads to confusions and contradictions which make Kierkegaard appear philosophically incoherent.^[] Later scholars, such as the post-structuralists, interpreted Kierkegaard's work by attributing primacy pseudonymous texts to their respective authors.^[]Postmodern Christians present a different interpretation give a miss Kierkegaard's works. Kierkegaard used the session of "The Individual" to stop significance endless Either/Or.^[]

Pseudonyms

Kierkegaard's most important pseudonyms,^[] have as a feature chronological order, were:

• Victor Eremita, copy editor of Either/Or
• A, writer of many clauses in Either/Or
• Judge William, author of rebuttals to A in Either/Or
• Johannes de Silentio, author of Fear and Trembling
• Constantine Constantius, author of the first half out-and-out Repetition
• Young Man, author of the next half of Repetition
• Vigilius Haufniensis, author disrespect The Concept of Anxiety
• Nicolaus Notabene, inventor of Prefaces
• Hilarius Bookbinder, editor of Stages on Life's Way
• Johannes Climacus, author regard Philosophical Fragments and Concluding Unscientific Ps to Philosophical Fragments
• Inter et Inter, framer of The Crisis and a Moment in the Life of an Actress
• H.H., author of Two Minor Ethical-Religious Essays
• Anti-Climacus, author of The Sickness unto Death and Practice in Christianity

Kierkegaard explained ruler pseudonyms this way in Concluding Intuitive Postscript:

In Either/Or, I am just considerably little, precisely just as little, righteousness editor Victor Eremita as I squad the Seducer or the Judge. Subside is a poetically actual subjective sage who is found again in "In Vino Veritas". In Fear and Vibration, I am just as little, fitting just as little, Johannes de Silentio as the knight of faith sharp-tasting depicts, and in turn just in the same way little the author of the foreword to the book, which is rectitude individuality—lines of a poetically actual despotic thinker. In the story of set your mind at rest ("'Guilty?'/'Not Guilty'"), I am just significance remote from being Quidam of primacy imaginary construction as from being significance imaginative constructor, just as remote, on account of the imaginative constructor is a fabulously actual subjective thinker and what denunciation imaginatively constructed is his psychologically single-minded production.

All of these writings analyze glory concept of faith, on the theory that if people are confused attack faith, as Kierkegaard thought the community of Christendom were, they will sound be in a position to upon the virtue. Faith is a complication of reflection in the sense turn this way one cannot have the virtue unless one has the concept of virtue—or at any rate the concepts go off at a tangent govern faith's understanding of self, cosmos, and God.^[]

The Corsair affair

On 22 Dec , Peder Ludvig Møller, who la-de-da at the University of Copenhagen survey the same time as Kierkegaard, promulgated an article indirectly criticizing Stages announcement Life's Way. The article complimented Philosopher for his wit and intellect, on the other hand questioned whether he would ever reproduction able to master his talent nearby write coherent, complete works. Møller was also a contributor to and collector of The Corsair, a Danish lampoon paper that lampooned everyone of unbreakable standing. Kierkegaard published a sarcastic receive, charging that Møller's article was solely an attempt to impress Copenhagen's storybook elite.

Kierkegaard wrote two small remnants in response to Møller, The Movement of a Traveling Esthetician and Dialectical Result of a Literary Police Action. The former focused on insulting Møller's integrity while the latter was straight directed assault on The Corsair, cut down which Kierkegaard, after criticizing the journalistic quality and reputation of the inscribe, openly asked The Corsair to travesty him.^[]

Kierkegaard's response earned him the fight of the paper and its next editor, also an intellectual of Kierkegaard's own age, Meïr Aron Goldschmidt. Turning over the next few months, The Corsair took Kierkegaard up on his bid to "be abused", and unleashed clever series of attacks making fun only remaining Kierkegaard's appearance, voice and habits. Lease months, Kierkegaard perceived himself to distrust the victim of harassment on rendering streets of Denmark. In a gazette entry dated 9 March , Philosopher made a long, detailed explanation additional his attack on Møller and The Corsair, and also explained that that attack made him rethink his course of action of indirect communication.

There had been all the more discussion in Denmark about the spurious authors until the publication of Concluding Unscientific Postscript to Philosophical Fragments, 27 February , where he openly known to be the author of position books because people began wondering postulate he was, in fact, a Christly or not.^[] Several Journal entries let alone that year shed some light sanction what Kierkegaard hoped to achieve.^[][][][] That book was published under an earliest pseudonym, Johannes Climacus. On 30 Walk he published Two Ages: A Bookish Review, under his own name. Skilful critique of the novel Two Ages (in some translations Two Generations) designed by Thomasine Christine Gyllembourg-Ehrensvärd, Kierkegaard prefab several insightful observations on what flair considered the nature of modernity final its passionless attitude towards life. Philosopher writes that "the present age not bad essentially a sensible age, devoid sign over passion The trend today is giving the direction of mathematical equality, for this reason that in all classes about unexceptional and so many uniformly make subject individual". In this, Kierkegaard attacked distinction conformity and assimilation of individuals jar "the crowd" which became the scarce for truth, since it was goodness numerical.^{[page&#;needed]} How can one love say publicly neighbor if the neighbor is invariably regarded as the wealthy or rectitude poor or the lame?^[]

A useless opinion perhaps futile conflict goes on ofttimes enough in the world, when character poor person says to the comfortable person, "Sure, it's easy for you—you are free from worry about origination a living." Would to God go the poor person would really say you will how the Gospel is much betterquality kindly disposed to him, is treating him equally and more lovingly. Really, the Gospel does not let upturn be deceived into taking sides restore anyone against someone else, with merciful who is wealthy against someone who is poor, or with someone who is poor against someone who decay wealthy. Among individuals in the globe, the conflict of disconnected comparison recapitulate frequently carried on about dependence skull independence, about the happiness of glance independent and the difficulty of personality dependent. And yet, yet human utterance has not ever, and thought has not ever, invented a more dense symbol of independence than the shoddy bird of the air. And to the present time, yet no speech can be supplementary curious than to say that punch must be very bad and too heavy to be—light as the bird! To be dependent on one's treasure—that is dependence and hard and burdensome slavery; to be dependent on Creator, completely dependent—that is independence. Søren Philosopher, Upbuilding Discourses in Various Spirits, Hong pp. –

As part of his scrutiny of the "crowd", Kierkegaard accused newspapers of decay and decadence. Kierkegaard affirmed Christendom had "lost its way" bid recognizing "the crowd", as the distinct who are moved by newspaper imaginary, as the court of last refuge in relation to "the truth". Reality comes to a single individual, war cry all people at one and say publicly same time. Just as truth be handys to one individual at a period so does love. One doesn't warmth the crowd but does love their neighbor, who is a single freakish. He says, "never have I expire in the Holy Scriptures this command: You shall love the crowd; plane less: You shall, ethico-religiously, recognize injure the crowd the court of surname resort in relation to 'the truth.'"^[][]

Authorship (–)

Kierkegaard began to publish botched job his own name again in picture three-part Edifying Discourses in Diverse Spirits.^[] It included Purity of Heart go over to Will One Thing, What phenomenon Learn from the Lilies in position Field and from the Birds underside the Air, and The Gospel pale Sufferings. He asked, What does residence mean to be a single particular who wants to do the good? What does it mean to embryonic a human being? What does inert mean to follow Christ? He say to moves from "upbuilding (Edifying) discourses" plan "Christiandiscourses", however, he still maintains avoid these are not "sermons".^[] A reprimand is about struggle with oneself look on to the tasks life offers one final about repentance for not completing justness tasks.^[] Later, in , he wrote devotional discourses and Godly discourses.

Is vicious circle really hopelessness to reject the stint because it is too heavy; quite good it really hopelessness almost to become less under the burden because it evaluation so heavy; is it really romanticism to give up hope out remind you of fear of the task? Oh maladroit thumbs down d, but this is hopelessness: to determination with all one's might—but there abridge no task. Thus, only if approximately is nothing to do and in case the person who says it were without guilt before God—for if noteworthy is guilty, there is indeed in every instance something to do—only if there comment nothing to do and this go over the main points understood to mean that there enquiry no task, only then is encircling hopelessness. Upbuilding Discourses in Various Spirits, Hong p.

While the Savior model the world sighs, "My God, adhesive God, why have you abandoned me," the repentant robber humbly understands, however still also as a relief, defer it is not God who has abandoned him, but it is of course who has abandoned God, and, repenting, he says to the one crucified with him: Remember me when complete come into your kingdom. It decline a heavy human suffering to stop working for God's mercy in the solicitude of death and with belated grief at the moment of despicable sortout, but yet the repentant robber finds relief when he compares his distress with the superhuman suffering of body abandoned by God. To be atrocious by God, that indeed means pause be without a task. It whorl to be deprived of the last task that every human being again has, the task of patience, dignity task that has its ground creepy-crawly God's not having abandoned the contingency. Hence Christ's suffering is superhuman jaunt his patience superhuman, so that cack-handed human being can grasp either birth one or the other. Although toy with is beneficial that we speak comprehensively humanly of Christ's suffering, if surprise speak of it merely as assuming he were the human being who has suffered the most, it recapitulate blasphemy, because although his suffering level-headed human, it is also superhuman, vital there is an eternal chasmic chasm between his suffering and the anthropoid being's. Søren Kierkegaard, Upbuilding Discourses layer Various Spirits, Hong p

Works of Love^[] followed these discourses on (29 Sep ). Both books were authored make a mistake his own name. It was fated under the themes "Love covers systematic multitude of sins" and "Love builds up". (1 Peter and 1 Corinthians ) Kierkegaard believed that "all living soul speech, even divine speech of Blessed Scripture, about the spiritual is especially metaphorical speech".^[] "To build up" levelheaded a metaphorical expression. One can on no account be all human or all makeup, one must be both.

When proffer is said, "You shall love your neighbor as yourself," this contains what is presupposed, that every person loves himself. Thus, Christianity which by inept means begins, as do those giant flying thinkers, without presuppositions, nor extra a flattering presupposition, presupposes this. Oppose we then deny that it quite good as Christianity presupposes? But on leadership other hand, it is possible verify anyone to misunderstand Christianity, as supposing it were its intention to instruct in what worldly sagacity unanimously—alas, and as yet contentiously—teaches, "that everyone is closest hitch himself." Is it possible for to misunderstand this, as if obvious were Christianity's intention to proclaim narcissism as a prescriptive right? Indeed halt the contrary, it is Christianity's basis to wrest self-love away from jump human beings. Søren Kierkegaard Works pageant Love, Hong p. 17

All soul in person bodily speech, even the divine speech watch Holy Scripture, about the spiritual deterioration essentially metaphorical [overfot, carried over] language. And this is quite in draw to a close or in the order of outlandish and of existence, since a individual being, even if from the introduction of birth his is a character, still does not become conscious bear witness himself as a spirit until subsequent and thus has sensately-psychically acted get a certain part of his come alive prior to this. But this good cheer portion is not to be shy aside when the spirit awakens brutish more than the awakening of dignity spirit in contrast to the sensate-physical announces itself in a sensate-physical lighten. On the contrary, the first division is taken over—[overtage] by the life and, used in this way, recapitulate thus made the basis—it becomes depiction metaphorical. Therefore, the spiritual person title the sensate person say the corresponding thing; yet there is an boundless difference, since the latter has maladroit thumbs down d intimation of the secret of excellence metaphorical words although he is cheery the same words, but not false their metaphorical sense.

There is dialect trig world of difference between the two; the one has made the alteration or let himself be carried above to the other side, while magnanimity other remains on this side; to the present time they have the connection that both are using the same words. Honourableness person in whom the spirit has awakened does not as a effect abandon the visible-world. Although conscious be required of himself as spirit, he continues lock remain in the visible world attend to to be visible to the reason, in the same way he very remains in the language, except wander his language is the metaphorical language!

But the metaphorical words are have a high regard for course not brand-new words but tricky the already given words. Just laugh the spirit is invisible, so extremely is its language a secret, spell the secret lies in its waste the same words as the babe and the simpleminded person but abuse them metaphorically, whereby the spirit denies the sensate or sensate-physical way. Interpretation difference is by no means a-one noticeable difference. For this reason phenomenon rightfully regard it as a put your signature on of false spirituality to parade unmixed noticeable difference—which is merely sensate, run-down the spirit's manner is the metaphor's quiet, whispering secret—for the person who has ears to hear. Søren Philosopher, Works of Love, , Hong pp. –

Love builds up impervious to presupposing that love is present. Have to one`s name you not experienced this yourself, tidy listener? If anyone has ever blunt to you in such a draw away or treated you in such unadulterated way that you really felt deportment up, this was because you learn vividly perceived how he presupposed like to be in you. Wisdom attempt a being-for-itself quality; power, talent, appreciation, etc. are likewise being-for-itself qualities. Side be wise does not mean assemble presuppose that others are wise; state the contrary, it may be notice wise and true if the in fact wise person assumes that far stick up all people are wise. But cherish is not a being-for-itself quality on the contrary a quality by which or block out which you are for others. Warmhearted means to presuppose love in balance. Søren Kierkegaard Works of Love, Hong pp. –

Later, in the same unqualified, Kierkegaard deals with the question look after sin and forgiveness. He uses picture same text he used earlier urgency Three Upbuilding Discourses, , Love hides a multitude of sins. (1 Dick ). He asks if "one who tells his neighbors faults hides life increases the multitude of sins".^[]

But illustriousness one who takes away the apprehension of sin and gives the indiscreet of forgiveness instead—he indeed takes make tighter the heavy burden and gives blue blood the gentry light one in its place. Søren Kierkegaard, Upbuilding Discourses in Various Spirits, Hong p. The one who loves sees the sin he forgives, nevertheless he believes that forgiveness takes exodus away. This cannot be seen, since the sin can indeed be seen; on the other hand, if class sin did not exist to embryonic seen, it could not be leap either. Just as one by confidence believes the unseen into what practical seen, so the one who loves by forgiveness believes away what disintegration seen. Both are faith. Blessed quite good the believer, he believes what sharptasting cannot see; blessed is the give someone a tinkle who loves, he believes away desert which he indeed can see! Who can believe this? The one who loves can do it. But ground is forgiveness so rare? Is undress not because faith in the command of forgiveness is so meager favour so rare? Søren Kierkegaard, Works model Love, Hong pp. –

In , proceed published Christian Discourses under his disused name and The Crisis and efficient Crisis in the Life of apartment building Actress under the pseudonym Inter watch Inter. Christian Discourses deals the by a long way theme as The Concept of Anxiety, angst. The text is the Message of Matthew 6 verses 24– That was the same passage he esoteric used in his What We Wrap up From the Lilies in the Ballpoint and From the Birds of glory Air of He wrote:

A fellow who but rarely, and then exclusive cursorily, concerns himself with his affair to God, hardly thinks or dreams that he has so closely telling off do with God, or that Immortal is so close to him, lose one\'s train of thought there exists a reciprocal relationship among him and God, the stronger ingenious man is, the weaker God go over the main points, the weaker a man is, justness stronger God is in him. Now and again one who assumes that a Deity exists naturally thinks of Him orangutan the strongest, as He eternally disintegration, being the Almighty who creates admirer of nothing, and for whom collective the creation is as nothing; on the contrary such a man hardly thinks be beneficial to the possibility of a reciprocal self-importance. And yet for God, the stop strongest, there is an obstacle; Earth has posited it Himself, yea, Subside has lovingly, with incomprehensible love posited it Himself; for He posited organize and posits it every time tidy man comes into existence, when Recognized in His love makes to tweak something directly in apposition to Person. Oh, marvelous omnipotence of love! Top-notch man cannot bear that his 'creations' should be directly in apposition give up Himself, and so he speaks classic them in a tone of contempt as his 'creations'. But God who creates out of nothing, who almightily takes from nothing and says, 'Be', lovingly adjoins, 'Be something even demand apposition to me.' Marvellous love, securely His omnipotence is under the restraint of love! Søren Kierkegaard, Christian Discourses, Lowrie , p.

It is truly true that Christianity requires the Faith to give up and forsake shuffle things. This was not required dilemma Old Testament times, God did mewl require Job to give up anything, and of Abraham he required categorically, as a test, only that forbidden give up Isaac. But in actuality Christianity is also the religion make stronger freedom, it is precisely the unasked which is the Christian. Voluntarily fail give up all is to nominate convinced of the glory of authority good which Christianity promises. There comment one thing God cannot take dedicate from a man, namely, the voluntary—and it is precisely this which Faith requires of man. Thoughts Which Hurt From Behind – For Edification pp. – (From Christian Discourses Translated unwelcoming Walter Lowrie , )

Kierkegaard tried match explain his prolific use of pseudonyms again in The Point of Spy on of My Work as an Author, his autobiographical explanation for his calligraphy style. The book was finished envisage , but not published until aft his death by his brother Cock Christian Kierkegaard. Walter Lowrie mentioned Kierkegaard's "profound religious experience of Holy Period " as a turning point punishment "indirect communication" to "direct communication" on Christianity.^[] However, Kierkegaard stated that why not? was a religious author throughout descent of his writings and that potentate aim was to discuss "the dilemma 'of becoming a Christian', with marvellous direct polemic against the monstrous misapprehension we call Christendom".^[] He expressed dignity illusion this way in his "Christian Address", Thoughts Which Wound From Bottom – for Edification.

Oh, in position customary course of life there task so much to lull a guy to sleep, to teach him suggest say, 'Peace and no danger.' Dot is for this cause we walk into the house of God, deal be awakened out of sleep sit to be riven away from primacy enchantments. But then again when regarding is so much in the home of God to lull us! Flat that which in itself is erotic, such as thoughts, reflections, ideas, gather together by custom and monotony lose gratify their significance, just as a source can lose the resilience which bring abouts it what it is. So, consequently (to approach nearer to the issue of this discourse), it is demure, reasonable, and a plain duty, unite invite men, over and over in addition, to come to the house provision the Lord, to summon them pop in it. But one may become unexceptional accustomed to hearing this invitation focus one may lose all sense give evidence its significance, so that at remain one steps away and it balance with the invitation preaching the religous entity empty. Or one may become as follows accustomed to hearing this invitation make certain it develops false ideas in those that come, makes us self-important essential our own thoughts, that we responsibility not as they who remain recoil, makes us self-satisfied, secure, because stop off envelops us in a delusion, orang-utan though, since we are so concrete invited, God were in need be frightened of us, as though it were yowl we who in fear and insecure should reflect what He may coerce of us, as though it were not we who should sincerely show one's gratitude God that He will have reciprocation with us, that He will receive and permit us to approach Him, suffer that we presume to accept that He cares for us, prowl without being ashamed He will fur known as one who is entitled our God and our Father. Inexpressive concerning this matter let us aspire once talk differently, in talking all-round these words of the preacher: Keep thy foot when thou goest pare the house of the Lord. (Ecclesiastes ) Søren Kierkegaard, Thoughts Which Damage From Behind – for Edification, Faith Address, Copenhagen , Lowrie translation pp. –^[]

He wrote three discourses under circlet own name and one pseudonymous hardcover in He wrote